»)9G JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV. 



65. The larvae are very susceptible to injury just before moulting 

 or pupation, and, when breeding them, care must be taken not to handle 

 them then. 



66. The larvae and pupae, but especially the pupae, are greedily eaten 

 by birds which pull open the larval and pupal shelters. In Jubbulpore, 

 in 1901, crows were particularly destructive. 



Leaf spiders also kill the larvae. 



PROTECTION AND REMEDIES. 



67. The circumstances of each particular case must of course decide 

 io what extent other factors, such as the necessity of curtailing expen- 

 diture, or sylvicultural considerations, will permit of the adoption of the 

 following suggested remedial and preventitive measures. 



A. JP. machoeralis — 

 In the forest. 



(1) Teak should be grown in mixed forests. 



(2) A proportion of the larvae of each generation always leave the 



trees to pupate on the dead leaves on the ground or in the 

 soil, and apparently all, or practically all, the larvae hiber- 

 nate in the soil. Pigs should, therefore, be admitted to the 

 forests throughout the year, and would probably destroy a 

 large number of larvae and pupae. 



(3) Insectivorous birds and enemies must be protected. 

 In the nursery. 



(4) During the larval attacks the plants should be sprayed with 



arsenical compounds. 



(5) Larvae and pupae should be collected by hand from the 



leaves of the attacked plants, from April to November. 

 During this period also dead leaves should be left under the 

 plants, as a large number of larvae will pupate in them and 

 will there be more easily caught and destroyed than they 

 would be in the soil where, in the absence of dead leaves, they 

 would probably pupate.* 



(6) Large stones should bo left in the soil, and these should be- 



lifted, and a search made beneath them for hibernating larva; 

 from November to April. 



* It is, however, possible that in the absence of dead leaves a larger proportion of 

 larvaa would pupate on the leaves of the attacked plants. 



