232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV. 



concave, still many have it only very slightly so and some not at all. 

 As to the tame form (Bos frontalis) it is, however, quite the exception 

 for the forehead to be really convex ; the greater number have it more 

 or less straight in outline ; many have it more or less concave and 

 some old bulls have it deeply so. 



An examination of the woodcuts will shew that though (a), a tame 

 cow, has the forehead the most straight (not even this is really convex) 

 of the whole series, yet there is very little difference between this and 

 the young wild bull's head (b) ; on the other hand (c), an old tame bull, 

 has the forehead very deeply concave, the inward curve being far in 

 excess of the amount shewn in most wild bulls* heads. The head (e) 

 shews the extreme limit to which this point ever goes. Between the 

 wild head (b) and the tame head (c) every grade of concavity may be 

 found both in wild and tame animals. Bulls, as a rule, shew a greater 

 concavity than do cows, and the straightest outline I have ever found 

 in a bull, wild or tame, is that shewn in (b) ; (a) and (c) have now been 

 made over to the Asiatic Museum. 



The next point, as shewn by the side view, is the facial angle with 

 reference to the nasal bones. This is one, which, strange to say, is 

 seldom dwelt upon by naturalists, and yet is the one which I have 

 found the hardest to dispose of. 



The wild animal has almost invariably the nasal bones turning down- 

 wards from their junction with the prolongation of the frontal bone ; 

 the tame animal seems almost as often to have them either quite 

 straight or even slightly bending outwards from the same junction. 

 I succeeded in getting both animals with quite straight nasals, but it 

 was a long time before I could obtain any which shewed the shape 

 actually contrary to what it should have been according to rule ; 

 (b), however, shews a wild head with practically straight nasals, while 

 (c), the old tame bull, shews them well turned inward. 



A point which does not appear in the woodcuts, but upon which 

 stress is often laid, is the colour of the horn. This in the tame form 

 is said to be wholly black and in the wild form more or less tinted 

 with reddish horn over its greater portion, and tipped black. As 

 a matter of fact, it is very exceptional to find a tame animal with 

 horns black throughout, nearly all being to some extent tinged with 

 reddish or greenish horn at the bases, and I have seen one or two 

 tinted with greenish horn throughout three-quarters of their length. 

 Inter se, wild animals also vary greatly in the colouration of their 



