600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XV. 



Four are Assamese forms found also in Malabar and S. India. One is 

 a Malayan species found in both Ceylon and Malabar. Two are Assam- 

 Burma forms which have not spread beyond. Gondwana> and the re- 

 maining nine are well distributed both in the peninsular and the regions 

 beyond. 



The sixth family, the Papilionidce, contains 21 species, of which 8 are 

 peculiar. Of these 2 are generally distributed throughout the area, 4 

 complementary forms are confined, 2 to Ceylon and 2 to Malabar, one is 

 confined to Malabar, and one is found in Gondwana, S. India, Malabar 

 and Ceylon and approaches an Assam form very closely. Of the remain- 

 der : One is found in Persia as well as the Himalayas, China and Assam 

 and may be of palearctic origin, and the twelve others, 4 of which are 

 confined to Malabar in our area, are found in Assam and a large part of 

 the oriental region. 



The seventh family, the Hesperiadw, contains 81 species, of which 

 22 are peculiar. Of these no less than 6 have their nearest allies in 

 the Philippines. Two are doubtful species confined one to Ceylon and 

 one to Gondwana, four are confined to Ceylon, six to the Nilgiri-Palni 

 Hills, one in both Ceylon and Nilgiris, 6 in the Malabar, one in the 

 Malabar and Konkan, and 2 throughout the area. 



Of the remainder, one found hitherto only in Kach is palearctic, three 

 o-enerally distributed forms appear to belong to the Himalayas and Persia, 

 two, confined one to Malabar the other to Malabar and Ceylon, only 

 found elsewhere in the Philippines, 15 are Assam-Burma forms ranging 

 into S. China, and the remaining 34 are fairly evenly distributed in the 

 oriental region. 



Now all these facts amply justify a theory of Dr. Wallace that the great 

 species-producing belt of the old world has been what is now the temper- 

 ate zone of the northern hemisphere and that the southern lands 

 obtained the most of the types of their fauna by successive waves of im- 

 migration. I pointed out in discussing the geology that the peninsular 

 was always widely separated from everything to the north and west, 

 and the main line of immigration would appear to have always been via 

 Assam. These successive waves tend to exterminate each other, and 

 owing to their being inlands at the time of the later immigrations older 

 forms have survived in Ceylon, the Andamans and Nicobars. 



This is the only explanation of the curious resemblance between the 

 Hesperiad<>° of India and the Philippines. The latter group of islands 



