276 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



to obtain it. Further, it was noticeable that in feeding the 

 fore-limbs, though used apparently so perfectly for progres- 

 sion, were never employed as by a normal dog to steady a 

 bone being gnawed. 



In some actions the dog without cerebrum returns to the 

 instinct of the new-born puppy. Goltz writes that signs of 

 anger and discomfort were frequently evinced, but never the 

 slightest expression of any pleasure. Sleep was prolonged, 

 but never broken by any signs of dreaming, such as are 

 common within the normal dog. 



It is clear that Goltz considers he is studying in the rest 

 of the central nervous system after cerebrum is gone re- 

 actions linked to a sort of lower consciousness intermediate 

 between " riickenmarkseele" and full consciousness of the 

 whole system in integrity. He speaks of still existent, 

 although blunted, sense of contact, vision, taste, etc. But it 

 must be remembered that there are centripetal impressions 

 which cause reactions unaccompanied by consciousness, and 

 some of the so caused reactions are extremely complex. To 

 one who studies the working of the central nervous system 

 by experimentation upon lower animals the signalling code, 

 through which he reads replies to his questions, rests almost 

 solely on skeletal musculature. The motor reactions yielded 

 by Goltz's dogs display a wealth, variety and complexity 

 highly important to remember when applying such terms as 

 "motor" "sensory" to the functions of the hemispheres. 

 But how far were there with those reactions concomitant 

 arjixeia? How far were the diverse answers paralleled by 

 changing states of consciousness ? How far is it permissible 

 to describe them in terms associated with sensation ? rapdcr- 

 crei rovs avOpcoTTOvs ou rd npay/JiaTa, dXXa ra irept tcov irpay- 

 fxdrojv Soy/xara. The great complexity and co-ordination of 

 function that still remain to the dog without cerebrum are 

 perhaps well realised in comparing- its condition with that of 

 the patient anaesthetised in preparation for the surgeon's 

 knife. The latter is unconscious, and it is evident to what 

 a different depth the former has been plunged. The patient 

 on the operation table cannot hear or see, still less get up 

 and walk; when his eyeball is touched his lids do not reply;, 



