MESOZOIC AND KAINOZOIC GEOLOGY IN EUROPE. 32$ 



and came to rest upon newer rocks. Startling though M. 

 Schardt's view may appear, however, it harmonises better 

 with the structure of the surrounding areas. 



According to Bertrand (4) the French Alps present the 

 fan-structure which is so frequently found in mountain 

 chains. The centre of the fan is formed in Savoy by a band 

 of coal measures which runs nearly north-south. To the 

 east of this almost all the folds lean towards Italy, and 

 to the west they lean towards France. Further south the 

 central zone is occupied not by the oldest, but by the 

 newest rocks (Nummulitic and Flysch). In places the 

 lines of folding, which in general follow the direction of the 

 chain, open out around lenticular masses or kernels of rock. 

 The rocks of these masses are themselves thrown into folds 

 of the same direction, but these folds are not prolonged 

 beyond the edges of the lenticles. Mont Blanc itself is 

 one of these kernels. 



Turning from great things to small some remarkable 

 faults have been described by Karrer (18) in tertiary beds 

 in the Vienna basin. In some of the sections which he 

 gives, the upper beds are disturbed by a series of small 

 faults which terminate abruptly against the beds below. 



We must here notice an account given by Dames (9) 

 of the geology of Heligoland. The rocks of this island 

 have usually been referred to the Triassic, Jurassic, and 

 Cretaceous systems ; but according to Dames the Jurassic 

 is absent, while on the other hand the Permian also is 

 represented. 



Even at a distance the main island can be seen to be 

 made up of two series. The lower consists chiefly of reddish- 

 brown thick-bedded calcareous clays in which copper ores 

 occur ; and from the presence of these ores and the close 

 resemblance to certain rocks of Schleswig-Holstein, Dames 

 refers these beds to the Zechstein (Permian). The upper 

 series shows irregular alternations of red shaly clays with 

 bands of sandstone and limestone, and without copper, and 

 this he correlates with the lower Bunter. 



The nearest islets to the east of the main island are Wite 

 Klif, and Olde Hove Brunnen ; and it was the rocks of 



