MESOZOIC AND KAINOZOIC GEOLOGY IX EUROPE. 329 



of the various exposures of upper Dogger scattered 

 throughout Pomerania. 



Somewhat farther to the south, Fiebelkorn (12) has 

 been engaged in the study of the upper Jurassic boulders 

 which occur in the drift, and has published an elaborate ex- 

 amination of the included fossils. These boulders are not 

 commonly met with and hitherto have not received so 

 much attention as the boulders of other rocks. Their 

 rarity appears to be due to the friable nature of the material, 

 and to the fact that they occur chiefly in the lower boulder 

 clay, which is naturally less exposed than the upper. They 

 are found only in Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Mecklenburg, 

 and are beyond comparison most abundant at Retzin, west 

 of Stettin. Their abundance here, together with their 

 friable nature, shows that the original home of these blocks 

 cannot have been far from that place. 



Turning now to the South of Europe we find that in the 

 Balearic Islands the lower and middle portions of the 

 Jurassic system closely resemble the corresponding beds 

 of Northern Europe. According to Nolan (24) the middle 

 Lias has a fauna which is nearly allied to that of Portugal, 

 but quite different from that of Andalusia in the South of 

 Spain ; the upper Lias also resembles that of Portugal and 

 Lombardy ; while the Bajocian may be divided into zones 

 which correspond precisely with those of the Anglo-Parisian 

 area and of Swabia. The upper part of the Jurassic, how- 

 ever, belongs distinctly to the Mediterranean or Tithonian 

 type, and is entirely different from that of Northern Europe. 



Concerning this Tithonian facies as it is developed in 

 the East of Europe, Retowski (28) has given an admirable 

 account of the fauna from Theodosia in the east of the 

 Crimea. The rocks consist mainly of yellowish or grey 

 marls with numerous fossils. Of the sixty-five forms de- 

 scribed nearly half are new, and of the remainder almost 

 all occur in the upper Tithonian of Western Europe, while 

 ten are peculiar to those upper beds. The presumption is 

 that the Theodosia beds belong to the upper division of 

 the Tithonian. This view is confirmed by the abundance 

 of species of Hoplites ; and by the fact that the beds are 



