MESOZOIC AND KAINOZOIC GEOLOGY IN EUROPE. 335 



lower beds, etc., Cardita Jouanneti in the upper. Clearly 

 marine: represent Stages III.-V. of the Rhone Valley. 

 D. Upper fresh-water molasse. — (Oeningien). Sandy at the base, 

 marly and calcareous above. Helix moguntina, and H. sylvana 

 are especially characteristic. In the Rhone Valley these forms 

 occur, not in the upper fresh-water beds (VI.) but intercalated 

 among the marine beds below, with which therefore the Swiss 

 D. must be correlated. 



Thus in Switzerland there was a similar incursion of the 

 sea during the middle of the Miocene period ; but it began 

 later and ended earlier than in the basin of the Rhone. 



The Swiss Miocene is continued to the east into 

 Wurtemberg and Bavaria, where two bands can be recog- 

 nised. The northern extends from Constance to the east 

 and north towards Ulm, and in it the beds are almost 

 undisturbed. The southern passes to the south of Lake 

 Constance through the Vorarlberg and the southern part of 

 Bavaria into Austria ; and in this band the beds have shared 

 in the foldings of the Alps. Here also the same general 

 sequence can be made out, and the marine beds occur in 

 the middle of the Miocene. 



M. Deperet also briefly notices the Miocene of 

 Italy 1 and of Northern and Western France, and finally 

 gives a summary of his results in the form of a table of 

 correlation. 



Returning to Austria, in the Carpathians and the 

 province of Lower Austria the Cretaceous (or the upper 

 Cretaceous' 2 ) and the lower part of the Tertiaries are 

 represented by a thick mass of sandstone, which is generally 

 unfossiliferous and is commonly known as the Vienna or 

 Carpathian sandstone. This sandstone extends towards 

 the north-west into Moravia, where it forms the Steinitz- 

 erwald and Marsgebirge, which run from west-south-west 

 to east-north-east and form a kind of sub-Carpathian chain ; 

 and here it has been examined by Paul (26). 



1 Reference may here be made to a paper by Sacco (30), which gives a 

 short account of the Tertiaries of the Turin Hills. 



2 In an appendix to his paper (26) Paul maintains, in opposition to 

 Uhlig, that the lower Cretaceous also is represented. 



