MALE DOVES REARED IN ISOLATION 131 



was given chiefly to the shoe. Last year and this year C1913) 

 Frank has been kept in small cages which are so arranged that 

 the hand does not need to be put into the cage to put seed in; 

 he has therefore had no contact with hands or shoes, and he has 

 seen much more of doves than of human beings : he has largely, 

 though not entirely, given up cooing to human beings. When 

 I come near his cage, he still shows a desire to get out to 

 me, and jealousy of other doves in my presence. 3 But he is a 

 successful mate and a good, sitter, brooder, and feeder of young. 



Dove No. 39. Hatched July 14, 1910. Put in isolation 

 September 26, his 75th day. This dove took to human com- 

 panionship as did the other three. He has not yet been al- 

 lowed into contact with his own species, but has been used for 

 an entirely different experiment which is not yet completed. 



SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 



The history of these doves reared in isolation covers a wide 

 range of behavior, and many points of interest, from which I 

 select the following. These conclusions will be confirmed and 

 amplified in other articles, one of which will treat of female 

 doves reared in isolation. 



1. Four male doves were reared (after weaning) in isolation, 

 each being unable to see any dove companions. 



2. All these doves were for a long time very quiet. In the 

 case of Frank especially, the masculine display behavior did 

 not appear at all until he was socially stimulated; then the 

 display behavior appeared so suddenly as to transform the bird 

 in a few moments. All four doves exhibited more or less of this 

 sudden development of behavior under the influence of new 

 social factors in the environment. 



3. The various notes uttered by this species, and all accom- 

 panying expressive movements, developed in perfect form in 

 isolated individuals, showing that young doves do not need to 



« August 18, 1913. Today, due to an accident, Frank escaped from his cage. 

 I followed him with an open cage in which I sprinkled tempting seed, but could 

 not induce him to enter. So I carefully approached him from below, and gently 

 raised my hand to catch him. But he, seeing my hand come to him thus, began to 

 show some of the old fascination for the hand, and after several seconds he jumped 

 on my palm. I quickly put my other hand over him, and he was caught. 



