VORSTELLUNGEN DER TIERE 445 



by total situations. The problem is one for experimental, not 

 theoretical, solution. 



In additon to the above general criticisms, the following 

 detailed ones may be offered: (1) The bees whose homing was 

 hindered by a rotation of the hive were evidently guided largely 

 by kinaesthetic sensory impulses co-ordinated with the old posi- 

 tion of the hive. The other cases drawn from the behavior of 

 birds and spiders indicate merely that the differential cues for 

 food are not the same for those animals that they are for the 

 human observer. Because of this the fly, e.g., is no longer 

 ' food ' for the spider, but is now an " enemy." Wherever 

 conditions change so that habits and instincts can no longer 

 solve the problem, nonadaptive behavior always presents itself. 

 (One could of course argue very strongly that the behavior of 

 the spider in question was adaptive.) (2) I believe there are few 

 American psychologists who would plead guilty to a champion- 

 ship of ' dinghaften Konstantenhaltigkeit ' as formulated by 

 Volkelt. All we assume is that upon the second presentation of 

 the same stimulus under the same conditions as at first, the 

 same response will occur. The " tibliche Ansicht " which Vol- 

 kelt criticises has much in common with the abstract concep- 

 tion of an idea which critics seem agreed lay at the basis of 

 Thorndike's address on Ideo-motor Activity at the American 

 Psychological Association in 1912. (3) Volkelt makes individual 

 development a process of particularizing an original complex 

 quality, e.g., the growth of the pecking instinct. He should not 

 forget that there are also instincts whose stimuli are at first 

 very limited. The development here is an increase rather than 

 a decrease in the number of stimuli which will arouse the reaction. 



