FOLDS AND FAULTING: A REVIEW. 



PART II. 



IN the year 1884 Bertrand proved that in the region of 

 Provence similar overfoldings or overthrusts had been 

 produced. Renevier worked out the region of the Savoy 

 Alps, and the country above Bex, the enormous overthrow 

 on the Dent de Morcles becoming a standard feature in 

 geological literature, while Schardt, by his work on the Pays 

 d'Enhaut (10), carried us still further into the field of geo- 

 logical speculation. In this paper several suggestions are 

 given, which it may be well to bear in mind. It had been 

 asserted, more especially by Lory, that there were evidences 

 that part of the Alpine movements, the final results of which 

 we have already discussed, had commenced prior to the 

 main elevation, and it is interesting to find here a case 

 introduced, where an Eocene conglomerate, the Hornfluh- 

 gestein, contained fragments of the malm rock, of which the 

 chains of the Rubli and Gummfluh are composed. Hence 

 Schardt concludes that these mountains were at that time 

 in process of formation, and formed cliffs in the Eocene 

 sea. 



Further, in the Flysch formation of this region occur a 

 large number of blocks of exotic origin, consisting of mica- 

 schists, talc-schists, chloritic protogine, and calcareous frag- 

 ments, as also in adjacent parts, biotite-granites, quartzites, 

 and gneisses. This indicates that in pre-Miocene times an 

 extensive crystalline region existed, either as a continent or 

 an island, which may even have served as the fountain-head 

 of a not unimportant glacier, the rocks being in most 

 cases similar to those at the present time brought down the 

 Rhone Valley by the glacier, or distributed by the river. 



It is also pointed out that whereas in the same chain 

 any group of strata from the Lias upward has the same 

 facies, in the chains next succeeding it has generally a 

 different character, thus proving that submarine inequalities 



