NEOZOIC GEOLOGY IN EUROPE. 481 



tions in the floor of the sea were the "vindelician" and Central 

 Alpine ridges. The former stretched from Bohemia in a 

 south-westerly direction towards the Schwarzwald. It made 

 its first appearance in the Muschelkalk period, and reached 

 its greatest development during the deposition of the 

 Lettenkohl beds (Lower Keuper). The ridge of the 

 Central Alps was in existence in Permian times, and be- 

 came less prominent towards the end of the Keuper. 



Concerning the value of zone fossils Wohrmann seems 

 somewhat sceptical. He remarks that cephalopods do not 

 lend themselves any more than other forms to the exact 

 determination of single horizons ; for they also are limited 

 to certain facies, and disappear and reappear with those 

 facies. He lays great stress upon "international" forms, 

 that is, forms of wide distribution ; because a wide distri- 

 bution implies indifference to local conditions — or facies. 

 After all, the ammonite palaeontologist does not contend 

 for more than this ; but he believes that ammonites are 

 international forms. 



In another and a much more detailed paper (13) Wohr- 

 mann has given an account of the Raibl beds (a part of 

 Mojsisovics' Carinthian) throughout the length and breadth 

 of their extent. The term is one which has been used in 

 various senses, or rather with various limitations. It was 

 originally employed by Foetterle and von Hauer to desig- 

 nate a series of marly and calcareous beds which at Raibl 

 lies between the ore-bearing limestone and the Dachstein 

 limestone. Palaeontologically, this does not form a con- 

 venient division, for the St. Cassian fauna still lived on in 

 the lower part of the series, and it was in the middle of 

 Raibl times that the invasion of foreign forms gradually 

 drove out the earlier fauna. But the change was not a 

 sudden one, and no definite palseontological line can be 

 drawn ; while lithologically, von Hauer's grouping is the 

 most convenient, and is adopted by Wohrmann. 



The following table 1 will show the general classification 



1 This table does not show all the elevations and depressions referred 

 to in the text, but only those which are indicated in the Franconian. 

 deposits, as well as in the Raibl beds themselves. 



