NEOZOIC GEOLOGY IN EUROPE. 483 



littoral character of the earlier deposits is most marked, that 

 the contrast is most clearly seen. In the Southern Alps no 

 definite line of division can be recognised. 



This was followed by another upheaval, a more con- 

 siderable one than the former; and it also was accompanied 

 by volcanic eruptions in the south. The vindelician ridge 

 rose again, and the Bohemian mass grew out towards the 

 south. Marshy islands formed along the northern border 

 of what is now the Austrian limestone Alps, and upon these 

 islands grew the plants which are found in the Lettenkohl 

 group. 



Again a sinking took place, and the Torer beds were 

 laid down both in the Southern and the Northern Alps. 

 They are mainly calcareous and dolomite. 



All these elevations and depressions appear to have 

 been simultaneous throughout the area. 



It has hitherto been held that in the lower division of 

 the Raibl beds there were scarcely any fossils common to 

 the North and the South Alps, but Wohrmann finds a 

 large number of species which occur in both. As for the 

 Torer beds, it has always been recognised that these were 

 very much alike on the two sides of the Alps. 



In an important paper on the neighbourhood of 

 Lagonegro, Lorenzo (10, see also 14) has given us the 

 final results of his examination of that region. The Upper 

 Trias is represented by the following groups (in descending 

 order) : — 



Haupt-dolomite with Gervillia exilis, etc. 



Dolomite Limestones. 



Siliceous schists with Radiolaria. 



Limestones with siliceous nodules. Halobia insignis, etc. 



The lowest group corresponds closely with similar beds 

 in Sicily, which have been referred by Gemmellaro to the 

 zones of Trachyceras Aon. and T. Aonoides. 



The succeeding series is principally characterised by the 

 abundance of Radiolaria, such as Porodiscus, etc. The 

 dolomite limestone contains numerous Gyroporellas of the 

 group annulatse, Posidonomya, Daonella, etc. ; and from its 

 cephalopods is correlated by Mojsisovics with the zone 



