NEOZOIC GEOLOGY IN EUROPE. 489 



of the Northern Apennines (31). Finally, Stuart Menteath 

 (25), in a series of controversial papers, has attacked the 

 views of Seunes upon the geology of the western part of 

 the Pyrenees. 



TERTIARY. 



The most interesting of the recent observations upon 

 the Tertiary deposits are those which have been made in 

 the eastern parts of Europe. In Roumania and the South- 

 west of Russia there is an extensive basin of Tertiary 

 deposits of which mention has already been made in these 

 articles. On the general map of Roumania a part of this 

 basin has been coloured as Eocene, and this colour has 

 been extended to include a series of conglomerates towards 

 the Transylvanian Mountains. These were naturally enough 

 grouped together on a preliminary survey, but Stefanescu 

 has shown that they are really of various ages. Some of 

 them contain Cerithium disjunctum, and belong to the Sar- 

 matian ; in others Cerithium miuutum has been found, and 

 these must be referred to the Second Mediterranean Stage; 

 while others contain nummulites, and have been correctly 

 placed in the Eocene (26). 



The Upper Tertiary beds (Miocene and Pliocene) 

 occupy a larger space than the Lower (Eocene and 

 Oligocene). The Sarmatian, for example, may be traced 

 at intervals along the southern flanks of the Transylvanian 

 Mountains in Wallachia, and covers the greater part of 

 Moldavia (27). In general the sequence closely re- 

 sembles that in the Vienna basin. In Austria, however, 

 there is a distinct gap between the beds with Cerithium 

 (Sarmatian) and those with Cengeria (Pontian). 1 For a 

 considerable time it was supposed that a similar gap existed 

 in the Roumanian Tertiary. In Bessarabia, however, Sinzow 

 discovered an intermediate fauna, and to the beds in which 

 this occurs, Andrussow has given the name of meotique. 

 They consist of yellow-green sands with limestones and 



1 The Sarmatian is placed at or near the top of the Miocene. The 

 succeeding Pontian beds are referred by some geologists to the Miocene, 

 by others to the Pliocene. 



