LEARNING IN THE MONKEY 265 



cidentally the proper series of sensorimotor neurones became 

 connected up and the motive flowed out through the series of 

 effectors that acquired the food and placed it in the mouth. 



In the cases of B and C watching A, and of D watching F, 

 B and C imitated A in that they saw where A reached and did 

 the same thing. D saw where and to an extent how F reached 

 and reached from there also, but could only imitate the first 

 one of F's movements even though he had probably made very 

 similar movements under other circumstances. 



The utilization of the fit and the elimination of the unfit, 

 whereby a maximum of the desired result is developed for a mini- 

 mum of expenditure of energy, is the great fundamental principle 

 of force underlying all evolution, progress and efficiency. 



Imitation seems possible only when similar movements under 

 similar circumstances have already been previously acquired by 

 the organism. Imitation seems to permit of a very limited 

 margin for new modifications of the old repertory of movements. 

 Trial and error gives much more extensive possibilities for learn- 

 ing; requires more time, energy and perseverance. • 



Subjective learning, in the sense of learning to manipulate 

 the body, is a very important element in the development of 

 the individual. It occurs through imitation and through the 

 perseverance method of trial and error. 



Subjective learning depends largely upon perfect freedom, the 

 absence of fear and the urge of a motive. 



The animals used in this research were supplied by Shepherd 

 Ivory Franz, Scientific Director to the Government for the 

 Insane, through a grant to him from the Carnegie Institution 

 of Washington. Acknowledgment is made, therefore, to the 

 Carnegie Institution for aid in this work. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Hagperty, M. E. Imitation in Monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology and 



1909. Psychology, 19, 337-455. 



Kinnaman, A. J. Mental Life of Two Macacus Rhesus Monkeys in Captivity. 



1902. American Journal of Psychology, 13, 98-148; 173-218. 

 Shepherd, Wili iam T. Some Mental Processes of the Rhesus Monkey. Psycho- 



1910. logical Monographs, 12. 



Thorndike, E. L. The Mental Life of the Monkevs. Psychological Monographs, 



1901. 3. 

 Watson, J. B. Behavior. Chapter VIII, p. 227. 



