LEARNING IN THE MONKEY 257 



Shepard says that he placed the glass tube and stick in the 

 cage with the animal " to see if he could push out the food in 

 the tube after his attention had been attracted and he had been 

 shown by the experimenter how the stick was to be manipulated 

 for obtaining the banana or peanut." Monkeys are not only 

 afraid of a man but are ready to flee when a stick appears in 

 one's hands. Although the monkeys saw the experimentator use 

 the stick from 72 to 228 times, none of them showed any signs 

 of imitation. If, as is most probable, the monkeys were the 

 hosts of even slight fear reactions from the hand or stick, imita- 

 tion, above everything else, could not be expected. Kinnaman 

 similarly spoke of making suggestive movements with a key (an 

 object in the hand) to indicate its necessity in procuring the 

 food. The monkeys did not imitate. 



Otherwise this work has so thoroughly covered this phase of 

 the monkey's learning methods that perhaps further contribu- 

 tions are not needed. However, quite by accident the monkeys 

 themselves revealed that they had other problems to master 

 besides the objective ones of manipulating objects in proper 

 sequence or manner; problems of a more subjective nature, such 

 as when they knew perfectly well what they wanted to do, and 

 in a way, how to do it, and saw how other monkeys performed 

 an act, but to acquire the same results they had to learn how 

 to control and manipulate their own muscles, of the body, arms 

 and hands, in a certain manner. 



Since this seems to be an important condition of the learning 

 process of the monkey it is thought to be worth reporting. 



The following observations were made from six Macacus 

 rhesus monkeys. Three of them, A, B, and C, are immature, 

 well formed and presumably half grown. A and B are males. 

 C is a female. They differ markedly in disposition but a study 

 of their personalities need not be given here, except to state 

 that A is very timid and gives way to the demands of all the 

 others. He is forced to adapt himself to their demands in any 

 other way than by using force. 



B is a very active, aggressive monkey and frankly competes 

 for food with any of the others. He rarely fights back at D, 

 E, or F, and I only observed once that he tried to take food 

 from one of the larger monkeys. B dominates A and C. C 

 is very much like B in disposition and used to dominate him, 



