LITERATURE FOR 1915 ON THE BEHAVIOR OF 

 SPIDERS AND INSECTS OTHER THAN ANTS 



C. H. TURNER 



Sumner High School, St. Louis, Mo. 



TROPISMS AND RELATED PHENOMENA 



Essenberg (33) finds that the back-swimmers are negatively 

 geotactic, negatively geotropic, positively phototactic and posi- 

 tively rheotactic, and that the water-striders (34) are positively 

 phototactic, negatively geotactic, positively thigmotactic and 

 positively rheotactic. 



Krecker's experiments (73) show that Hexagenia variabilis 

 behaves as though it were negatively anemotropic, negatively 

 geotropic and negatively phototropic. 



According to Blackman (14) a strong light causes Pity o genes 

 hopkinsi to stop work; but frequent repetitions of the stimulus 

 soon produce no visible effect on the animal. 



Hargitt (56) finds in the mourning-cloak butterfly a domin- 

 ance of the chemotropic response to food and a slight negative 

 phototropism, and Howlett (65) discusses the chemical reactions 

 of fruit-flies. 



According to Zetek (130) phototropic responses dominate 

 the flight of the malaria spreading mosquitoes. 



Turner states (119) " The ant-lion may be considered posi- 

 tively geotactic, positively thigmotactic and negatively photo- 

 tactic, with the reservation that all of its movements cannot 

 be explained as tropisms in the Loebian sense." 



Girault (49) placed some specimens of Trichogramma minutum 

 in a glass jar which was equally lighted on all sides. They climbed 

 the sides of the jar; and, when it was slowly reversed, they turned 

 so as to continue upwards. Evidently they are negatively 

 geotactic. 



McDermott (84) caused a warm current of air to impinge on 

 a dish containing material attractive to flies. The enticed flies 

 would walk along until within two or three centimeters of the 



