BEHAVIOR OF SPIDERS AND OTHER INSECTS 391 



anthophilous beetles are of little significance. The enormous 



devastation of the vegetative organs of plants by beetles both 



in the larval and the adult stages, the consumption and waste 



of pollen and nectar, the destruction of the petals and other 



floral members, the absence of hair for holding the pollen and 



their indefinite manner of flight are factors which greatly reduce 



their value as pollen carriers. Floral structures show absolutely 



no response to the visits of beetles, and there is no reason to 



suppose that the development of the anthophilous flora would 



have varied in any respect had entomophily never arisen among 



the Coleoptera." 



HIBERNATION 



Frohawk (42) discusses the hibernation of Vanessa antiopa 

 and Nicholson (92), that of Vespa vulgaris. 



According to Blackman (14) Pityogenes hopkinsi hibernates 

 in the larval pupal and also the adult stages. 



Recently three investigators have discussed the overwintering 

 of the house-fly and they are not in accord. Lyon (81) used 

 thirty-seven lots of 100 pupae. Some were placed in wet sand 

 and some in dry, some in wet manure and some in dry, some 

 in moist loam and some in dry, and some in leaf mould. Two 

 series were placed out of doors, one in a sheltered spot and the 

 other in an unsheltered position; a third series was placed in a 

 greenhouse and a fourth in a cellar. No adults emerged from the 

 jars placed out of doors; but, by the first of December, 210 had 

 emerged from the pupae placed in the greenhouse and 367 from 

 those stored in the cellar. The pupae that did not emerge were 

 found to be dead. "It would seem therefore that the appearance 

 of the seemingly freshly-emerged adults in any considerable num- 

 bers during the late winter should be accounted for in some other 

 way ' than supposing they have over-wintered in the pupal 

 stage. 



Skinner (111) after asserting that Dr. Moncton Copeman 

 and Mr. E. Austin claim that the adult house-fly does not hiber- 

 nate in England, expresses the belief that it does not do so in 

 Philadelphia. He bases his conclusion upon his observation 

 that the flies seen in the Academy of Science during the winter 

 look as though they have just emerged. 



Hewitt (60) writes: " I think we are still justified in regard- 

 ing the dormant and periodically active states during the over- 



