CHICKS HATCHED FROM ALCOHOLIZED EGGS 137 



CONCLUSIONS 



1. Chicks are neither positively or negatively phototropic. 

 Some show what appears to be an instinctive positive response 

 to light on the first but not on the second and third day; some 

 on the second but not on the first and third day; a few not 

 until the third day and some not at all. 



2. Imitation plays no part in the perfecting of the pecking 

 reaction of either normal or alcohol chicks. 



3. It is possible by tampering with eggs before the hatching 

 of chicks to modify the behavior of the chicks in the following 

 ways; on the fifteenth day they do not show the caution in 

 jumping from heights which chicks hatched from normal eggs 

 show all the time and which the chicks hatched from abnormal 

 eggs show earlier than the fifteenth day; they are less likely 

 than normal chicks to react to a maze situation with general 

 motor activity and consequently are slower in beginning to 

 acquire the consequent motor co-ordination though they may 

 eventually acquire it in the same number of trials required for 

 a normal chick; -they are slower in acquiring an association 



.depending on sensory discrimination in the Yerkes visual choice 

 apparatus; the instinctive reactions of pecking and drinking 

 apparently remain unmodified; the processes of inhibition of 

 both instinctive and acquired reactions seem to be alike in 

 normal and abnormal chicks. 



4. It is not possible to find any difference between the in- 

 stinctive reactions of pecking or between the modifications of 

 the acquiring of reactions in the maze in the case of chicks 

 raised from eggs into which alcohol has been injected by our 

 method, and chicks raised from eggs into which distilled water 

 has been injected or eggs which have had the shell perforated 

 and sealed. That is, alcohol, per se, seems to have no specific 

 effect beyond an effect which can easily be explained by malnu- 

 trition during hatching and which may be as readily produced 

 by other agents as by alcohol. 



