«;hap. n. 



Manner of Development. 



41 



Of the anthropomorphous apes the males alone have their 

 canines fully developed ; but in the female gorilla, and in a less 

 degree in the female orang, these teeth project considerably 

 beyond the others ; therefore the fact, of which I have been 

 assured, that women sometimes have considerably projecting 

 canines, is no serious objection to the belief that their occasional 

 great development in man is a case of reversion to an ape-like 

 progenitor. He who rejects with scorn the belief that the shape 

 of his own canines, and their occasional great development in 

 other, men, are due to our early forefathers having been pro- 

 vided with these formidable weapons, will probably reveal, by 

 sneering, the line of his descent. For though he no longer 

 intends, nor has the power, to use these teeth as weapons, he will 

 unconsciously retract his " snarling muscles" (thus named by 

 Sir C. Bell), 46 so as to expose them ready for action, like a do£, 

 prepared to fight. 



Many muscles are occasionally developed in man, which are 

 proper to the Quadrumana or other mammals. Professor 

 Vlacovich 47 examined forty male subjects, and found a muscle, 

 called by him the ischio-pubic, in nineteen of them ; in three 

 others there was a ligament which represented this muscle; and 

 in the remaining eighteen no trace of it. In only two out o f 

 thirty female subjects was this muscle developed on both sides, 

 but in three others the rudimentary ligament was present. Ttn> 

 muscle, therefore, appears to be much more common in tbr 

 male than in the female sex ; and on the belief in the descent 

 of man from some lower form, the fact is intelligible ; for it 

 has been detected in several of the lower animals, and in all 

 of these it serves exclusively to aid the male in the act of 

 reproduction. 



Mr. J. Wood, in his valuable series of papers, 48 has minutely 

 described a vast number of muscular variations in man, which 

 resemble normal structures in the lower animals. The muscles 



46 ' The Anatomy of Expi-ession,' 

 1844, pp. 110, 131. 



47 Quoted by Prcf. Canestrini in 

 the 'Annuario,' &c, 1867, p. 90. 



43 These papers deserve careful 

 study by any one who desires to 

 learn how frequently our muscles 

 vary, and in varying come to re- 

 semble those of the Quadrumana. 

 The following references relate to 

 the few points touched on in my 

 text : ' Proc. Royal Soc. vol. xiv. 

 1865, pp. 379-384; vol. xv. 1866, 



pp. 241, 242 ; vol. xv. 1867, p. 544; 

 vol. xvi. 1868, p. 524. i may here 

 add that Dr. Marie and Mr. St. 

 George"" Mi vart have shewn iu their 

 Memoir on the Lemuroidea (* Tran- 

 sact. Zoolog. Soc' vol. vii. 1869, 

 p. 96), how extraordinarily variable 

 some of the muscles are in the^e 

 animals, the lowest members of the 

 Primates. Gradations, also, in thfl 

 muscles leading to structures found 

 in animals still lower in the scalec 

 are numerous in the Lemuroidea. 



