xii Contents. 



PAG3 



used by animals — Abstraction, Self-consciousness — Language 

 — Sense of beauty — Belief in God, spiritual agencies, super- 

 stitions ......... 65 



CHAPTER IV. 



Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower 



Animals — continued. 



Tbe moral sense — Fundamental proposition — The qualities of 

 social animals — Origin of sociability — Struggle between opposed 

 instincts — Man a social animal — The more enduring social in- 

 stincts conquer other less persistent instincts — The social virtues 

 alone regarded by savages — The self-regarding virtues acquired 

 at a later stage of development — The importance of the judg- 

 ment of the members of the same community on conduct — 

 Transmission of moral tendencies — Summary . . 97 



CHAPTER V. 



On the Development 01 the Intellectual and Moral 

 Faculties during Primeval and Civilised Times. 



Advancement of the intellectual powers through natural selec- 

 tion — Importance of imitation — Social and moral faculties — 

 Their development within the limits of the same tribe — Natural 

 selection as affecting civilised nations — Evidence that civilised 

 nations were once barbarous . .... 127 



CHAPTER VI. 



On the Affinities and Genealogy of Man. 



Position of man in the animal series — The natural system genea- 

 logical — Adaptive characters of slight value — Various small 

 points of resemblance between man and the Quadrumana — 

 Rank of man in the natural system — Birthplace and antiquity 

 of man — Absence of fossil connecting-links — Lower stages in 

 the genealogy of man, as inferred, firstly from his affinities and 

 secondly from his structure — Early androgynous condition of 

 the Vertebrata — Conclusion ..... 146 



CHAPTER VII. 



On the Races of Man. 



The nature and value of specific characters — Application to the 

 races of man — Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking 

 the so-called races of man as distinct species — Sub-species — 

 Monogenists and polygenists — Convergence of character — 



