560 T lie Descent of Man. Part III 



races ; and nearly all these measurements shew that the males 

 differ much more from one another than do the females. This 

 fact indicates that, as far as these characters are concerned, it is 

 the male which has been chiefly modified, since the several races 

 diverged from their common stock. 



The development of the beard and the hairiness of the body 

 differ remarkably in the men of distinct races, and even in 

 different tribes or families of the same race. We Europeans see 

 this amongst ourselves. In the Island of St. Kilda, according to 

 Martin, 13 the men do not acquire beards until the age of thirty 

 or upwards, and even then the beards are very thin. On 

 the Europaeo- Asiatic continent, beards prevail until we pass 

 beyond India ; though with the natives of Ceylon they are often 

 absent, as was noticed in ancient times by Diodorus. 14 East- 

 ward of India beards disappear, as with the Siamese, Malays, 

 Kalmucks, Chinese, and Japanese ; nevertheless the Ainos, 15 who 

 inhabit the northernmost islands of the Japan Archipelago, are 

 the hairiest men in the world. With negroes the beard is 

 scanty or wanting, and they rarely have whiskers ; in both sexes 

 the body is frequently almost destitute of fine down. 16 On the 

 other hand, the Papuans of the Malay Archipelago, who are 

 nearly as black as negroes, possess well-developed beards. 17 

 In the Pacific Ocean the inhabitants of the Fiji Archipelago have 

 large bushy beards, whilst those of the not distant archi- 

 pelagoes of Tonga and Samoa are beardless; but these men 

 belong to distinct races. In the Ellice group all the inhabitants 

 belong to the same race; yet on one island alone, namely 

 Nunemaya, "the men have splendid beards;" whilst on the 

 other islands " they have, as a rule, a dozen straggling hairs for 

 "a beard." 18 



Throughout the great American continent the men may be 

 said to be beardless ; but in almost all the tribes a few short 

 hairs are apt to appear on the face, especially in old age. With 

 the tribes of North America, Catlin estimates that eighteen out 

 of twenty men are completely destitute by nature of a beard ; 



13 < Voyage to St. Kilda ' (3rd remarkable that in the United States 

 edit. 1753), p. 37. (' Investigations in Military and 



14 Sir J. E. Tennent, ' Ceylon,' Anthropological Statistics of Ame- 

 vol. ii. 1859, p. 107. rican Soldiers,' 1869, p. 569) the 



15 Quatrefages, ' Revue des Cours pure negroes and their crossed off- 

 Scientiriques,' Aug. 29, 1868, p. spring seem to have bodies almost 

 630; Vogt 'Lectures on Man,' as hairy as Europeans. 



Eng. translat. p. 127. 17 Wallace, 'The Malay Arch.' 



16 On the beards of negroes, Vogt, vol. ii. 1869, p. 178. 



' Lectures,' &c. p. 127 ; Waitz, ' In- 18 Dr. J. Barnard Davis On Oce- 



troduct. to Anthropology,' Engl. anic Races, in ' Anthropolog. Review,' 

 translat. 1863, vol. i. p. 96. It is April, 1870, pp. 185, 191. 



