8 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



does not recognise, and thus slide into a kind of speculation 

 which is as futile as it is unphilosophical. 



II. LUDWIG AS INVESTIGATOR AND TEACHER. 



The uneventful history of Ludwig's life — how early he 

 began his investigation of the anatomy and function of the 

 kidneys ; how he became just fifty years ago titular Pro- 

 fessor at Marburg, in the small University of his native 

 State, Hesse Cassel ; how in 1849 he removed to Zurich as 

 actual Professor and thereupon married ; how he was six 

 years later promoted to Vienna — has already been admirably 

 related in these pages by Dr. Stirling. In 1865, after 

 twenty years of professorial experience, but still in the 

 prime of life and, as it turned out, with thirty years of 

 activity still before him, he accepted the Chair of Physio- 

 logy at Leipzig. His invitation to that great University 

 was by far the most important occurrence in his life, for the 

 liberality of the Saxon Government, and particularly the 

 energetic support which he received from the enlightened 

 Minister v. Falkenstein, enabled him to accomplish for 

 Physiology what had never before been attempted on an 

 adequate scale. No sooner had he been appointed than 

 he set himself to create what was essential to the 

 progress of the Science — a great Observatory, arranged 

 not as a Museum, but much more like a physical and 

 chemical Laboratory, provided with all that was needed for 

 the application of exact methods of research to the investiga- 

 tion of the processes of Life. The idea which he had ever in 

 view, and which he carried into effect during the last thirty 

 years of his life with signal success, was to unite his life- 

 work as an investigator with the highest kind of teaching. 

 Even at Marburg and at Zurich he had begun to form a 

 School ; for already men nearly of his own age had rallied 

 round him. Attracted in the first instance by his early 

 discoveries, they were held by the force of his character, 

 and became permanently associated with him in his work 

 as his loyal friends and followers — in the highest sense his 

 scholars. If, therefore, we speak of Ludwig as one of the 



