io SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



subsequently in the Archiv fur Anat. unci Physiologic of 

 du Bois-Reymoncl. Each " Arbeit ' : of the laboratory 

 appeared in print under the name of the scholar who 

 operated with his master in its production, but the 

 scholar's part in the work done varied according to its 

 nature and his ability. Sometimes, as v. Kries says, he sat 

 on the window-sill while Ludwig with the efficient help of 

 his laboratory assistant Salvenmoser, did the whole of the 

 work. In all cases Ludwig not only formulated the 

 problem, but indicated the course to be followed in each 

 step of the investigation, calling the worker, of course, into 

 counsel. In the final working up of the results he always 

 took a principal part, and often wrote the whole paper. But 

 whether he did little or much, he handed over the whole 

 credit of the performance to his coadjutor. This method of 

 publication has no doubt the disadvantage that it leaves 

 it uncertain what part each had taken ; but it is to be 

 remembered that this drawback is unavoidable whenever 

 master and scholar work together, and is outweighed by the 

 many advantages which arise from this mode of co-opera- 

 tion. The instances in which any uncertainty can exist in 

 relation to the real authorship of the Leipzig work are 

 exceptional. The well-informed reader does not need to 

 be told that Mosso or Schmidt, Brunton or Gaskell, Stirling 

 or Wooldridge were the authors of their papers in a sense 

 very different from that in which the term could be applied 

 to some others of Ludwig's pupils. On the whole the plan 

 must be judged of by the results. It was by working with 

 his scholars that Ludwig trained them to work afterwards by 

 themselves ; and thereby accomplished so much more than 

 other great teachers have done. 



I do not think that any of Ludwig's contemporaries 

 could be compared to him in respect of the wide range of 

 his researches. In a science distinguished from others by 

 the variety of its aims, he was equally at home in all 

 branches, and was equally master of all methods, for he 

 recognised that the most profound biological question can 

 only be solved by combining anatomical, physical and 

 and chemical inquiries. It was this consideration which led 



