LUDWIG AND MODERN PHYSIOLOGY. 15 



duty a certain youthfulness of disposition which made it 

 possible for men much younger than himself to accept his 

 friendship. This sympathetic geniality was, however, not 

 the only or even the chief reason why Ludwig's pupils were 

 the better for having known him. There were not a few 

 of them who for the first time in their lives came into 

 personal relation with a man who was utterly free from 

 selfish aims and vain ambitions, who was scrupulously 

 conscientious in all that he said and did, who was what he 

 seemed, and seemed what he was, and who had no other 

 aim than the advancement of his science, and in that ad- 

 vancement saw no other end than the increase of human 

 happiness. These qualities displayed themselves in Lud- 

 wig's daily active life in the laboratory, where he was to be 

 found whenever work of special interest was going on ; but 

 still more when, as happened on Sunday mornings, he was 

 "at home" in the library of the Institute — the corner room 

 in which he ordinarily worked. Many of his "scholars" 

 have put on record their recollections of these occasions, the 

 cordiality of the master's welcome, the wide range and 

 varied interest of his conversation, and the ready apprecia- 

 tion with which he seized on anything that was new or 

 original in the suggestions of those present. Few men 

 live as he did, " im Gaznen, Gtiten, Sckonen" and of those 

 still fewer know how to communicate out of their fulness to 

 others. 



III. THE OLD AND THE NEW VITALISM. 



Since the middle of the century the progress of Physio- 

 logy has been continuous. Each year has had its record, 

 and has brought with it new accessions to knowledge. In 

 one respect the rate of progress was more rapid at first than 

 it is now, for in an unexplored country discovery is relatively 

 easy. In another sense it was slower, for there are now 

 scores of investigators for every one that could be counted 

 in 1840 or 1850. Until recently there has been throughout 

 this period no tendency to revert to the old methods — no 

 new departure — no divergence from the principles which 

 Ludwig did so much to enforce and exemplify. 



