PREHISTORIC MAN, ETC. 343 



almost ignorant of the copper which was already in fairly- 

 common use under the Sixth Dynasty, which immediately 

 preceded their irruption into Egypt. But the significance 

 of this discovery and of our very limited knowledge of the 

 Libyan people and their civilisation will be better discussed 

 at a later stage. 



15. On the other hand, several Settlements of the 

 Neolithic Age have been examined. Typical is the lowest 

 town of Hissarlik, though it has actually yielded a few 

 simple copper weapons. The implements are of local flint 

 and imported obsidian, of green-stone and allied rocks from 

 the interior of the Troad, and of jade ; some of the common 

 green Anatolian, others of finer yellowish kinds {cf. the 

 specimen in Ashm. Mus. attributed to Melos), and one 

 small celt of the pure white variety which is not known 

 to exist native except in China. 



16. The fortifications and house walls of the "First City" 

 are of very rough unhewn rubble ; its pottery is of local 

 fabric, made wholly without the use of the potter's wheel, 

 and almost uniformly tinted black by a carbonaceous pig- 

 ment, intentionally applied and accentuated in the burning ; 

 many of the forms are closely allied to those of the neolithic 

 and early bronze ages in Central Europe, and of the corre- 

 sponding deposits of Greece and Cyprus. This lowest 

 settlement is separated from the rest by a layer of natural 

 soil, which represents an interval during which the site lay 

 desolate ; it is therefore distinctly older than the succeeding 

 cities. But the advanced and special technique of the 

 Pottery of the First City, and the fact that, on Schliemann's 

 authority, copper implements already occur, indicate the end 

 rather than the beginning of the Neolithic stage ; and the 

 Neolithic evidence from elsewhere is best summarised here, 

 before going further in the series at Hissarlik. 



17. Settlements of similar character, but each with its 

 own local peculiarities, occur (r) on an unexcavated site, 

 commanding the Bosphorus as Hissarlik commands the 

 Dardanelles. (2) On the " Kastri " near Achmet-aga in 

 Eubcea, a low hill fortified with earthworks and approached 

 by a hollow way, like the hill camps of the south of England. 



