Fungi, Bacteria und Pathologie. 359 



„I. The bitter rot or ripe rot is one of the most serious diseases of 

 apples. The loss due to this disease in 1900 was estimated (for the 

 United States) at 10000000 Doli. It is one of the most difficult 

 diseases to control and is constantly on the increase. 



2 The bitter rot is due to a fungus, Glomerella rnfomaculans (Berk.) 

 Spaulding and von Schrenck, hitherto generally known as Gloeosporinm 

 fructigeniim Berk. 



3. This fungus until 1902 was known only in its conidial stage on 

 pomaceous fruits and grapes. The perfect or ascus stage has since been 

 discovered both in cultures on fruits and in artificial cankers on the 

 apple limbs. 



4. The fungus attacks ripening apples during July and August, and 

 is most virulent during moist, hot summers. It is most active on apples 

 in the belt of States on the line of the Ohio River, from Virginia 

 on the Atlantic Ocean to Oklahoma in the west, and southward. 



5. During the past summer canker-like areas were discovered on 

 apple limbs from which the disease seemed to spread These cankers 

 generally occurred in the upper parts of trees and contained spores of 

 the bitter-rot fungus, as proved by direct inoculations into apples. 



6. Inoculations into healthy apple limbs of bitter-rot spores from 

 pure cultures of the bitter-rot fungus (made both from diseased apples 

 and cankers) resulted in the formation of cankers similar to those found 

 in orchards. Spores from these cankers produced the bitter rot in sound 

 fruits. This proves beyond doubt that the bitter-rot fungus is the cause 

 of cankers on apple limbs in the orchard. 



7. The spores of the bitter-rot fungus are washed from the cankers 

 upon the apples below the cankers. Spores are carried from tree to tree 

 by insects, and possibly by raindrops. 



8. One of the best methods for combating this disease will consist 

 in carefully cutting out all cankers during the winter. These should be 

 burned at once. All diseased apples on the ground or in the tree should 

 be collected and destroyed. As a further precaution, trees should be 

 sprayed with Standard Bordeaux mixture at least once before the buds 

 open, and again frequently from midsummer until the fruits are almost 

 ripe " G. G. Hedgcock. 



Selbv, A. D., Arosette disease of potatoes. (Bulletin 



Ohio Agric. Expt. Station. CXXXIX. 1903.) 



For at least three years there have been complaints of the disease 

 which has been found to be caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia. The 

 leaves of the affected plants assume a rosette appearance. The disease 

 seems to be disseminated by means of the seed, as seed treatment had 

 a very marked affect upon the resulting crop. Corrosive Sublimate does 

 not prevent the disease to any appreciable extent while formalin does 

 have a very marked affect. A list of twenty articles referring to similar 

 work is also given. Perley Spaulding. 



De Stefani-Perez, Due n u o v i Coleotherocecidii d i S i c i 1 i a. 

 (Marcellia 1902. Vol. I. p. 66.) 



Auf Anagyris foetida Biattfaltungen (Apion flavofemoratnm) ; 

 auf Matthiola tristls Stengelschwellungen (Baris coerulescens). 



Küster. 



Spaulding, Perley, The Relations of Insects to Fungi. 

 (The Plant World. VI. p. 182—184. Aug. 1903.) 



After discussing briefly the numerous diseases of insects caused 

 by fungi, the author, gives a number of examples of the transfer of 

 spores of fungi by insects^ noting some examples where fungi attract 

 insects evidently for the purpose of spore dissemination. A large number 



