Floristik und Systematik der Phanerogamen. 101 



The PlenropliyUnin meadow represents during sumnier in these 

 Islands the richly coloured Alpine „Wiesen" oi Europe. The most 

 important members of the formation are: Pleurophylluni speciosiim Hook, 

 fils, PL crinifenim Hook, fils, Celtnisia vernicosa Hook, fils, Cotiila plii- 

 mosa Hook, fils, C. propinqiia Hook, fils, Lignsticum latifolium Hook. 

 fils, L. aniipodum Hook. fils. Nertera depressa Banks and Sol., Epilobiiun 

 conferiifolium Hook, fils, Stilbocarpa polaris A. Gray, Acaena snngui- 

 sorbae var. antarctica var. nov., Myosotis capitata Hook, fils, Gentiana 

 cerina Hook, fils, Bulbinella rossii Benth. and Hook., Scirptis auckla/idicns 

 (Hook, fils) Boeck., Aspidiiun vestitiini , Aspleniiim obtiisatuin Forst. 

 The life-forms of most of the above, which are endemic, are described. 

 Decay of the lower parts of these plants produces a peaty substratum 

 which is moist, and, from the presence of numerous earthworms, the 

 author believes that the peat is less acid and better aerated than in ordi- 

 nary peat bog. The Sub-Alpine Meadow is dominated by Danthonia 

 bromoides Hook, fils, a tussock grass, and the general Vegetation is 

 xerophytic; in parts which are almost wet bog Pliyllachne clavigera 

 (F. Muell.) Hook, fils forms large bright-green cushions. The Sub-Alpine 

 Scrub occurs in numerous gullies which cut up the sub-alpine meadow ; 

 trees and shrubs from the forest zone occur here in a dwarfed condition. 



Campbel Island (p. 267—284). Climate and geology resembling 

 the Auckland Islands, but below the volcainic deposits a liniestone 

 of the Upper Cretaceous period is exposed and this contains fossil dico- 

 tyledon wood. 



The plant formations noted : 1. Stony shore, 2. Dracophyllum scrub, 

 3. Lower Tussock Meadow, 4. Sub-Alpine Tussock Meadow^ 5. Rostkovm 

 formation, 6. Sub-Alpine rocks. Dracophyllum longifolium R. Br., Co- 

 prosma cnneata Hook, fils, C. ciliata Hook, fils, and Suttonia divaricata 

 Hook, fils form a scrub closely allied to the sub-alpine scrub of the 

 Aucklands. Rostkovia gracilis Phil, and Pleurophylliim hookeri Buch, 

 are distinctive of a formation which occupies peat collected amongst 

 stony debris at the base of hill-cliffs. The lower tussock meadow is now 

 used as a sheep farm and shows modification in its Vegetation. Descrip- 

 tions are given of the foUowing endemic species of the sub-alpine rocks: 

 Abrotanella rosnlaris Hook, fils, Polypodinm austräte pumilum Arrnstg., 

 Celmisia chapmanni Kirk, and Colobanthus subulatus Hook. fils. 



Antipodes Island (p. 284—296). Only about 2 miles long, yet 

 rises to 402 metres and consists of volcanic deposits. The plant for- 

 mations recognised are more or less of the same character as those 

 already described. 



The Bounty Islands consist of granite rock worn smooth by 

 numerous penguins and seals; the only soil consists of guano, and there 

 are no land plants except an alga which covers the rocks. 



Effect of animals upon the Vegetation (p. 297^308). Seals, sea- 

 lions and sea-birds (penguin, albatros, and giant petrels) form the ori- 

 ginal fauna, and observations have been made on the denuding eifect 

 they have on the Vegetation. From time to time sheep^ goats, cattle, 

 pig's. rabbits, etc. have been introduced by man, and a historical account 

 with the probable effects of these introductions is given. European 

 grasses and New Zealand plants (e. g. Phormium tenax) have also 

 been introduced and are extending. 



The History of the Flora (p. 308— 318) reveals three Clements: ende- 

 mic, Fuegian, and New Zealand, Endemic species number 54, of 

 which 25 occur on one Island only, the remainder occurring more or less 

 throughout the group. Auckland and Campbell Islands appear to 

 be the head quarters of the flora. Pleurophyllum and Stilbocarpa are 

 endemic genera, and there are several endemic species, but many of the 

 endemic forms are varieties of or related to New Zealand ones. The 

 Fuegian dement amounts to 19 per cent., the New Zealand to 43 per 

 Cent. The author considers that the flora indicates a former land connec- 

 tion with New Zealand, rather than seed-dispersal by birds, currents 

 or winds; the Rata forest formation is almost identical with that found in 



