Fungi, Bacteria und Pathologie. 179 



similar galls on Eurhynchium Swartzii. Such galls appear to be rare 

 in Britain; but have been recorded as occurring on species of //y/?««/;^ 

 and Dicranum on the continent of Europe. A. Gepp. 



DUGGAR, B. M., The principles of mushroom growing 



and mushroom spawn making. (Bureau of Plant In- 



dustry Bull. LXXXV. p. 1-60. Plates 7. 1905.) 



For a number of years the writer has sought to improve the methods 

 of mushroom spawn malcing and the problems connected therewith have 

 received much attention. The iirst part of this paper gives a brief 

 history of the growing of mushrooms for table purposes. Today they 

 are more grown in England and France than in any otherf country. 

 Especially in the vicinity of Paris this industry has assumed very large 

 proportions, the total product for 1901 being estimated at about 10 000 000 

 pounds. It is impossible to estimate the amount now grown in this 

 country but it is certain that the production has increased very largely 

 of late years and there is a very good market in the largest cities for 

 this product. Germination studies have shown that spores will germi- 

 nate much more evenly if there is a small bit of living mycelium of the 

 same kind present in the culture. This naturally lead to the use of such 

 small bits of sterile mycelium for the cultures themselves, 69 species of 

 different fleshy fungi have been tested in this manner with the result 

 that fuUy 40 have grown promptly on the medium used. A number of 

 these are not known to have given favorable results previously. The 

 following species have been brought to the fruiting stage in these cul- 

 tures: Agaricus catnpestris, A. fabaceus, A. amygdaliniis, Armillaria 

 mellea, Bovistella ohlensls, Calvatia cyathiforme, C. nibro-flava, Corti- 

 ncirius sp , Coprinus comatns, C. fimetarius, C. solstitialis, Daedalea 

 qturcina, Hydnum coralliodes, Lycoperdon wrightii, Pleiirotus ostreatus, 

 and P. ulmarliis. The tissue culture method is very sucjesful for obtaining 

 pure cultures since fungi which cannot be germinated can be made to grow 

 and pure cultures are obtained directly. Extensive investigations into 

 the effect of various food materials have been made and the results are 

 stated to vary much with different fungi. The method of making the beds 

 and general methods of cultivation are given and finally attention is 

 called to the fact that old spawn is often worthless. The brick spawn 

 is viable longer than is the flake spawn. Seven füll page plates show 

 the interesting points of the paper. Perley Spaulding. 



Gallaud, J., Etudes sur une Entomophthoree saprophyte. 

 (Ann. Sc. nat. Botanique. 9« serie. T. I. 1905. p. 101 — 134. 

 fig. 1-4.) 



Le Delacroixia coronata Costantin a ete retrouve par Gallaud 

 dans un semis d'Orchide'es et cultive sur divers milieux artificiels. Cette 

 Entomophthoree saprophyte se rapproche surtout des Conidiobolus par 

 son habitat, par son mode de Vegetation en culture, par la iormation et 

 la projection de ses spores. Elle s'en eloigne par l'absence de zygo- 

 spores dans les cultures, par une plus haute differenciation du pedicelle 

 au voisinage de l'insertion de ia spore, enfin par la formation de spores 

 en couronne. 



Les spores en couronne, dejä signalees par Costantin, sont des 

 conidies secondaires, emises sur de courts pedicelles tout autour d'une 

 spore primaire. On les obtient en recevant les spores normalement 

 projetees sur une lame de verre que Ton maintient dans un milieu peu 

 humide et depourvu de substances aümentaires. Si le milieu est pres- 

 que sec, la spore pourra emettre des pedicelles encore plus serres, mais 

 incapables de produire des spores secondaires. La spore initiale paralt 

 alors echinulee. 



12* 



