Floristik und Systematik der Phanerogamen. 77 



much richer in species, especially of the bulbous and early flowering 

 kinds. — In contrast to the district, studied in Part I numerous Coniierous 

 woods occur, being rare however on the limestone; on the Trias they 

 are a conspicuous element. Pine woods (with Pinus sylvestris) occur on 

 the heather-moors with a well-drained peaty soil, in dry rocky places 

 (e. g. on the moor edge exarpments or along the rocky banks of a 

 stream ravine) and on sandy plains, where some peat accumulates (Trias 

 pine woods) ; this quite agrees with observations made in other parts of 

 England and in Denmark and Switzerland. The Vegetation oi 

 the pine wood is scanty and consists oi plants from the heather moor 

 and grass heath, in some cases almost entirely of patches oi mosses 

 (Polytrichum juniperinum, Dicranum scoparium). 



With regard to the Vegetation of the limestone rocks it is necessary 

 to distinguish between the Mountain Limestone of Craven and the 

 Iowland tract of Permian limestone, abutting on the piain of York, 

 although they have some features of the Vegetation in common. At the 

 summits on the mountain limestone cotton-grass and heather prevail, 

 whilst the slopes below are occupied by hill pasture with numerous 

 different species, notably Festuca ovina, whilst in moist places a slightly 

 different flora ist found. On the ilat summits of exposed limestone (pave- 

 ments), which are weathered into narrow and deep clefts we find an 

 interesting flora, of which the commonest plants are Oxalis Acetosella, 

 Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa and Scolopendrium vulgare. On the 

 scars a scanty soil with little available water is found in clefts of the 

 rock and on occasional ledges, and a number of plants are found at 

 these points, being mostly of a compact dwarf nature, with at the most 

 a few stunted trees (hazel, yew, hawthorn and mountain ash). In the 

 limestone dales woods (scar woods), in which the hazel is the dominant 

 element, are found, although the ash is frequently present in some abun- 

 dance ; the ground Vegetation is rieh and varied, including Cypripedium 

 Calceolus in small quantity. 



In the typical woodland of the limestones the characteristic trees 

 are ash and beech, the former on the Mountain and Permian limestones,. 

 the latter on the Permian only ; three types are distinguished — the scar 

 woods of the mountain limestone (already mentioned above), the Iowland 

 woods and the hazel copse of the Permian tract. The Iowland woods 

 occur in the bottoms of the Mountain limestone dales and on the Per- 

 mian tract; those on the latter are very varied in Constitution and not 

 rarely include a certain amount of oak. The Vegetation of the Permian 

 hazel copse is mainly that of a grassy common with indigenous shrubs 

 (hazel, hawthorn, bramble and rose). 



In the area of eultivation (farmland) wheat is found up to the 

 eastern edge of the moorland, extending up to 600 or 700 feet. On the 

 Permian pastures we find a growth of short grasses, forming a compact sward 

 (e. g. Anthoxanthum odoratum, Aira caryophyllea, Avena pubescens y 

 Poa pratensis, etc.) and growth begins much earlier than on the cool 

 and moist Coal Measure soils with more tufted grasses (e. g. Agrostis). 



F. E. Fritsch. 



Vahl, M., Madeiras Vegetation, Geografisk Mono- 

 grafi. Kopenhagen und Kristiania 1904. Gyldendalske Bog- 

 handel, Nordiske Forlag. 1901. 172 pp. Mit 1 Karte. 



Es werden folgende Regionen unterschieden: Tieflandsregion 

 unter den Wolken (Leeseite 0--400 M.), niedere Makiregion, 

 Wolkenregion (Leeseite 400—1200 M., Passatseite 0—1300 M.), obere 

 Makiregion, über den Wolken. Wegen der hohen Küstenfelsen hat 

 die Tieflandsregion keine grosse Ausdehnung. Nur in der Gegend von 

 Funchal, wo das Land sanfter steigt, ist sie ungefähr 2 km. breit. 

 Diese Region ist durch künstliche Bewässerung zum grössten Theil in 

 Gartenland (Bananen, Zucker, Wein) verwandelt worden. An uncultivirten 

 Stellen Andropogon- Trift (Andropogon hirtus, sehr xerophile Stauden 



