PODOPHYLLACEAE 459 



3. DIPHYLLEIA Michx. 



Large herbs, with stout horizontal rootstocks and glabrous foliage. Leaves few : blades 

 peltate, suborbicular in outline, palmately lobed, all basal except the two near the top of 

 the stem. Flowers white, in terminal umbel-like cymes. Sepals 6, petal-like, deciduous. 

 Petals 6, somewhat larger than tlie sepals. Stamens 6 : filaments distinct : anthers open- 

 ing by two valves. Ovary 1-celled : stigma orbicular or nearly so or 2-lobed. Ovules 

 numerous, in many rows. Berries oblique, pedicelled. Seeds 2-4, erect, curved. 



1. Diphylleia cymosa Michx. Foliage bright green. Stem stout, erect, 6-12 dm. 

 tall, simple below : leaves few, the basal with long erect petioles and nearly centrally pel- 

 tate, membranous, 2-cleft, many-lobed blades, the lobes acuminate, finely toothed ; cauline 

 leaves similar but smaller, laterally peltate, shorter-petioled : cymes many-flowered : 

 sepals 6, obovate, white, nearly 1 cm. long, undulate at the apex : petals 6, similar to the 

 sepals but usually a little longer : berries subglobose, 10-12 cm. in diameter, blue, with a 

 bloom, sessile. 



In and about mountain brooks, Virginia to Georgia. Spring. Umbrella-leaf. 



4. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. 



Caulescent herbs, with thick rootstocks. Leaves few : blades ternately compound, 

 large, mostly basal, 2 usually near the top of the stem. Flowers perfect, greenish yellow 

 in a terminal racemose cyme. Sepals 6, above 3-4 bractlets. Petals 6, gland-like, shorter 

 than the sepals, hooded. Stamens 6 : filaments distinct : anthers opening by 2 valves.' 

 Ovary 1-celled : style short : stigma 1-sided. Ovules 2, erect. Capsule rupturing and 

 withering before maturity. Seed globose, drupe-like, naked, on a stout stalk. Endo- 

 sperm horny. Blue Cohosh. 



1. Caulophyllum thalictroides ( L. ) Michx. Foliage glabrous, glaucous. Stem 

 erect, 3-9 dm. tall, simple or branched above, sheathed at the base by several membranous 

 scales : leaves usually 2, a large one at the first node of the stem and a smaller one sub- 

 tending the panicle ; blades triternately compound, the divisions ternate, their segments 

 pinnate or ternate, the leaflets of various shapes, 2-3-lobed at the apex, rounded or cordate 

 at the base : panicle 4-10 cm. long, erect : flowers greenish or purplish : sepals 6, oval to 

 suborbicular, short-clawed, 5-6 mm. long : petals gland-like : seeds drupe-like, about 1 cm. 

 in diameter, dark blue, with more or less bloom, on short stalks 5-7 mm. long. 



In damp woods, New Brunswick to Minnesota, South Carolina, Tennessee and Nebraska. Spring. 



5. BERBERIS L. 



Unarmed or spiny shrubs, with a yellow wood. Leaves alternate, often clustered : blades 

 firm or leathery, 1-foliolate or pinnate, more or less prominently spiny-toothed, often 

 changed into forking spines. Flowers perfect, yellow, solitary or in peduncled racemes. 

 Sepals 6, accompanied by 2 or 3 bractlets, broad, the outer ones much smaller than the peta- 

 loid inner ones. Petals 6, commonly smaller than the sepals, imbricated in 2 rows, often 

 with 2 glands near the base. Stamens 6, irritable : filaments distinct : anthers opening by 

 2 valves. Ovary 1-celled, sessile : stigma peltate. Ovules few, erect or ascending. 

 Berries pulpy, 1-few-seeded, rarely dry. Seeds with a crustaceous testa. Barberry. 



Leaf-blades unifoliolate, deciduous : racemes drooping : berries scarlet. 1. B. Canadensis. 



Leaf-blades pinnate, persistent : racemes erect : berries white. 2. B. Swazeyi. 



1. Berberis Canad6nsis Mill. A glabrous spiny shrub, 0.5-2 m. tall, the branches 

 angled. Leaves firm, clustered ; leaflet 1, the blade spatulate, oblong-spatulate, or rarely 

 oval, 2-8 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, spiny-serrate : racemes drooping, 6-10-flowered, 

 2-6 cm. long: flowers yellow, about 8-11 mm. broad: sepals oval, mostly 4-5 mm. 

 long : petals 2-3 mm. long, notched at the apex, eroded, narrowed into stout claws, 

 with 2 oblong orange-colored glands near the base : berries oval or subglobose, 6-8 mm. 

 long, scarlet. 



On hillsides, in the mountains from Virginia to Georgia. Also in Missouri. Spring. 



2. Berberis Svsrazeyi Buckl. An evergreen shrub, 6-9 dm. tall with erect or spread- 

 ing branches. Leaves pinnate, 0.5-1 dm. long, leaflets 7-9, the blades leathery, oval to 

 oblong, 1-2 cm. long, with 5-11 spine-like teeth, finely reticulated : bractis foliaceous, but 



