Floristik, Geographie, Systematik etc. 649 



as regards agricultural and forestal development, but the author 

 puts forward a strong claim for large reservations in which the 

 flora, fauna, and scenery raay be preserved, and as indicated on 

 the map considerable areas have been marked off for this purpose. 



W. G. Smith. 



Coulter, J. M„ Evolutionary tendencies among Gymno- 

 sperms. (Bot. Gazette. XLVIII. p. 81—97. 1909.) 



This is a summary of preseni knowledge of g3^mnosperm ana- 

 tomy and morphology, fossil and recent, from a broad phylogenetic 

 Standpoint. It is considered probable that Cordaitales originated from 

 the Cycadofilicales at a time antedating our presentgeologicalrecords, 

 and that these two groups constituted the gymnosperm flora of the 

 Carboniferons. During the Mesozoic the Benneitilales and Cycadales 

 originated from the Cycadofilicales, while the Cordaitales gave rise 

 to the Ginkgoales and Coniferales. Among the six tribes of modern 

 Coniferales, the earliest to appear were the Abietineae and the 

 Arancarineae. It is suggested that the Gnetales may have arisen 

 from the Cupressineae. 



The various evolutionary tendencies in connection with this 

 phylogeny, are then discussed in an illuminating way, under the 

 headings "vascular anatomy", "the leaf", "the strobilus", "the stamen", 

 "theovule", "female gametoplwte 1 ', "male gametophyte" and embryo". 

 It is shown that evolutionary tendencies in the same organ have 

 not always gone forward at the same rate in different groups, or 

 even in different members of the same group. R. R. Gates. 



Cowles, H. C, Present Problems in Plant Ecology: the 

 trend of ecological philosophj^. (American Nat. XLII1. p. 

 356—366. June 1909.) 



This paper gives a sketch of Lamarckism and of Darwinism as 

 applied to the Solution of problems in plant ecology emphasizing 

 the importance of the pb^siologic viewpoint. The necessary matters 

 in ecology are a proper viewpoint and a well-chosen non-vitalistic 

 terminology. J. W. Harshberger. 



Cowles, H. C, The response of plants to soil and climate 

 in Salisbury, R. D. (Phys. for High School. p. 462—473. 1908.) 



A brief Statement of the factors which effect plant distribution, 

 viz., water, temperature, light, air and soil; water being considered 

 of most importance. The topographic changes which influence plant 

 associations are mentioned. J. W. Harshberger. 



Crawford, J., Some sand dune plants from Longport, 



N. J. (Bartonia I. p. 18-19. 1908.) 



Describes the finding of Rumex hastatulns , Leptorchis Loeselii, 

 Ophioglossum arenarium and Onoclea sensibilis on the sand dunes 

 at this place. J. W. Harshberger. 



Diels, L., Botanische Sammlungen. ( Wissenschaftl. Ergebn. 

 d. Exp. Filchner nach China und Tibet. X. 1. p. 245—273. 1908... 



Die botanischen Sammlungen der in den Jahren 1903 — 1905 



