The CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 271 



Regarding the powers of intercommunication, Dr. Wasmann not only 

 contends that they possess these powers, but gives (on pp. 69 and 70) a 

 scheme showing the signals which he has seen used to induce various 

 activities. He holds that these actions point neither to an " intelligent 

 understanding," nor to pure reflex action, but are sufficiently explained 

 through sensory perception and the power of originating impulses. 



The next chapter is of a controversial character, replying to the 

 question, " What proof can be brought against our acceptance of 

 psychical powers in ants?" The claim is made that Bethe has, without 

 satisfactory knowledge of the facts and without exercise of necessary 

 caution, set up his new reflex theory too boldly; and that this theory is 

 unacceptable because of its innate indefensibility. 



" The different forms of learning* in man and the animals " is the 

 next subject treated. On the ground of biological facts, Dr. Wasmann 

 recognized six divisions, as follows : 

 I. Independent learning. 



1. Through instinctive exercise of reflex action. 



2. Through sensory experience, by means of new associations of ideas 



presented thereby. 



3. Through sensory experience and the intelligent application of 



earlier conditions to new. 

 II. Learning through the influence of others. 



4. Through influence of the impulse of imitation. 



5. Through human training. 



6. Through intelligent instruction. 



Regarding the above forms of learning, he makes, among others, the 

 following generalizations : 



In man alone are all six forms found. Other animals possess, 

 according to the grade of their psychical development, either the first 

 alone, the first and fourth, or the first, second, fourth and fifth. 



In ants, as well as in the higher animals, the first, second, fourth and 

 fifth are indicated. But the second and fifth forms are more highly 

 developed in some other animals than in ants. 



Only the third and sixth forms prove the possession of a real intelli- 

 gence on the part of the learner. As these cannot be demonstrated in 

 animals, no actual proof of animal intelligence is existent. 



"I can get no l)etter rendering of "Lernens" than this. 



