398 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 



These spots become so hard and gritty that they are likely to 

 break one's teeth if an attempt is made to bite through them. 



The second injury is caused by the early feeding habits of the 

 first generation of beetles, that is the over-wintered beetles. Both 

 males and females during the egg-laying season feed upon the fruit, 

 eating out little holes of about l-24th of an inch or a little more in 

 diameter. In our observations these feeding punctures were not 

 nearly so numerous as the crescent-shaped cuts, but several in- 

 vestigators have found them quite as numerous. These punctures, 

 too, seem to lead to the same kind of deformities in apples and pears 

 as we have described ai)ove. 



The third injury is the dropping of most of the infested fruit. 

 If the larva, or grub, that hatches from the egg lives, practically 

 all kinds of fruit except cherries drop prematurely. P'ortunately 

 not only does a very large percentage of the eggs fail to hatch, 

 but also a great many of the larvie themselves die in the fruit soon 

 after hatching, so that these two things lessen the total amount 

 of dropping. Premature falling of fruit extends over a period of 

 more than a month, l)ut most of it takes place before the apples 

 are more than about one inch in diameter. On some trees sprayed 

 for Codling Moth we found over 90% of all the early drops were 

 due to the Curculio. When the fallen fruit was cut through, it 

 was seen that the grubs by the time they were mature had eaten 

 large areas inside, as large and as unsightly in many cases as those 

 caused by the Codling Moth larvae. The infested cherries, which, 

 as has been said, remain on the trees, usually become sunken and 

 darkened on one side, thereby clearly revealing the work of the 

 insect. Cherries containing the Cherry Fruit-fly larvae do not 

 always have some outward manifestation of the presence of an 

 insect. 



A fourth injury is caused by the late summer and autumn 

 feeding of the new generation of beetles. This injury is common 

 on apples and peaches, but rare on other fruits. On the apple the 

 beetle eats a small, round hole through the skin, and then inserts 

 its long proboscis and excavates the flesh as far as it can reach. 

 The result is a small, circular, brown area on the surface with a hole 

 in the centre and a cavity beneath. Sometimes the beetles work 



