THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 399 



their way through the skin and enlarge the cavity until it is nearly 

 quarter of an inch in depth and about the same in breadth. Not 

 infrequently, if this hole is on the sunny side of the apple, its borders 

 for some distance out will be reddened by the sun and thus the 

 injury rendered very conspicuous. Many fruit-growers mistake 

 such injuries for the side work of the Codling Moth, but the dis- 

 tinction between the two is easy to make, because the Codling 

 Moth goes right into the core, while this injury is seldom more than 

 quarter of an inch deep. There are often many of these injuries 

 in a single fruit; for instance, I have counted as many as forty on 

 one apple. In such cases several injuries usually coalesce and make 

 a much disfigured fruit. In the writer's experience, rough-skinned 

 varieties seem to be more subject to attack than very smooth or 

 glossy ones, possibly because the former afford a firmer foot- 

 hold for the beetles when feeding. 



Peaches are also sometimes quite severely marred by this 

 fall feeding. A peach that lies on my desk as I write has eighty 

 curculio scars on it, all made by the new generation of beetles during 

 August and September. F'rom half of these, including all the 

 larger and deeper ones, gum is exuding. The appearance of the 

 injuries on the peach and apple differs in that on the peach the 

 beetles usually remove all of the skin above the cavity which they 

 excavate; the injured area, too, is often quite irregular in outline, 

 and seldom goes so deep as in the apple. In the apples the skin, 

 as we have stated, usually covers the excavation except for the 

 small hole in the centre where the beak is inserted, and the injured 

 area is usually uniformly circular in outline. 



A fifth injury is brought about by the wounds made by the 

 beetles, both in the earlier and later parts of the season, in plums, 

 cherries and peaches affording exposed areas for the introduction 

 of the spores of the Brown Rot disease. The skin of fruits ordina- 

 rily serves to a very great extent as a protection against the intro- 

 duction of disease, but, if the skin be ruptured, the spores, which 

 are carried by the wind everywhere through the orchard, have a 

 good chance to light on the moist surface and germinate before 

 a callous can be formed by the fruit over the wound to protect 

 it. 



