32 



SUMMARY OF CUERENT RESEARCHES 



RELATING TO 



ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY 



(principally invertebrata and cryptogamia), 



MICEOSCOPY, Etc.* 



ZOOLOGY. 



VERTEBBATA. 



fl> Embryolog-y.t 



Internal Secretions of Gonads.:}: — A, Lipscbiitz refers to the ex- 

 perimental evidence that the internal secretions of the sexual glands of 

 mammals control the development of sex-characters, fe'teinach has shown 

 that the internal secretion of the male gonad furthers the development 

 of only male sex-characters, and inhibits the development of female 

 sex-characters, and that the opposite holds of the internal secretion 

 of the female gonad. By replacing ovary with testis Brandes mascu- 

 linized a doe ; by replacing testis with ovary Goodale feminized a 

 cockerel. Lipscbiitz describes the transformation of the clitoris of a 

 castrated and then masculated guinea-pig into a penis-like organ. The 

 transformation is not due simply to the absence of ovaries, for the 

 structure of the external urogenital organs of a sister of the masculated 

 female, castrated at the same time as the latter, but not masculated, did 

 not differ from the normal. 



Steinach has suggested that the soma of the organism is non-sexual 

 until after the puberty gland has become differentiated into male or 

 female. This view is supported by the new experiments of Goodale 

 and of Pezard on the hen. The castrated hen assumes the plumage and 

 the spurs of a cock ; the castrated cock keeps his plumage and spurs. 

 It is inferred that the development of the male plumage and spurs does 

 not depend on stimulation by the male sexual gland, whereas the female 

 sexual gland transforms a male-like plumage into a female one, and 



* The Society are not intended to be denoted by the editorial " we," and they 

 do not hold themselves responsible for the views of the authors of the papers 

 noted, nor for any claim to novelty or otherwise made by them. Tha object of 

 this part of the Journal is to present a summary of the papers as actually pub- 

 lished, and to describe and illustrate Instruments, Apparatus, etc., which are 

 cither new or have not been previously described in this country. 



t This section includes not only papers relating to Embryology properly so 

 called, but also those dealing with Evolution, Development, Reproduction, and 

 allied subjects. 



X Journ. Physiology, 11. (1917) pp. 283-6. 



