614 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 



Gymnoascus flavus. The author found a coiled ascogonium at the 

 beginning of fruit development, but he did not detect either an 

 antheridium or any kind of fusion. There was no kind of peridium 

 formed. He places it near to Endomyces. 



Saccharomycetes.* — Two new genera of yeast are described and 

 ngured by A. Klocker : Debaryomyces, of which the spore has only a 

 single membrane and is finely warted ; and Schwann iomyces, of which 

 the spores have also a single membrane and are warted, but are, in 

 addition, finely reticulated. In the latter one half of the spore swells 

 and gives rise to the new budding ; very often the first budded cell is 

 slightly elongated. In both of these genera the warted surface becomes 

 smooth as it swells to form the new cell. 



Influence of Humus on the Development of Yeast and on 

 Alcoholic Fermentation. f — A. Dzierzbicki found that if 'a small 

 quantity of sterilised soil were introduced into yeast cultures, the effect 

 was favourable to the development of the yeast, and he ascribed the 

 result to the presence of humus in the soil. It is particularly noticeable 

 when there is a very small quantity of yeast in the culture. The effect 

 is not entirely due to the added nutritive qualities of the humus, but 

 also probably to the development of Azotobacteria and of nitrogen 

 fixation. 



Hyphomycetes.J — Considerable progress has been made by Lindau 

 with his work on the Hyphomycetes. The present fascicle is largely 

 occupied with the genus Fusarium, of which ninety-five species are 

 described ; most of these are saprophytes, but there is a considerable 

 number that attack living plants and do great damage. They are all 

 distinguished by the sickle-shaped, colourless, septate spores. 



Infection of Split Cod by Torula epizoa.§ — This fungus is a 

 troublesome pest in the process of salting and drying cod. K. Hoye 

 attempted to lessen the evil by using different salts, and by altering 

 the process of drying. None of his experiments were successful. He 

 is of opinion that the Torula takes rise in the salt-stores, which are 

 never thoroughly overhauled and disinfected, and the fungus grows 

 with especial rapidity if flour or any similar substance is spilt. The 

 Torula forms black spots on the split-cod, rendering it very unsightly. 



International Statistics of Cereal Rusts.|| — Paul Sorauer has 

 undertaken this work as a starting point for other contributions on 

 plant diseases as they occur in various countries. In connection with 

 rust disease he raises six points of inquiry: — 1. Incidents which 

 illustrate the varying intensity of disease in the same neighbourhood. 

 "2. Examples of various factors that aid in the dissemination of the rust 

 fungus. 3. Undoubted connection between weather conditions and 

 rust disease. 4. Influence of locality and soil on the outbreak of cereal 



* C.R. Lab. Carlsberg, vii. (1909) pp. 273-8 (6 figs.) 



t Bull. Int. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, iv. (1909) pp. 651-60. 



X Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora, i. 9 te Abt., Lief. 113 (Leipzig, 1909) pp. 

 497-560. 



§ Berg. Mus. Aarbog (1908) 29 pp. (10 pis.). See also Bot. Centraibl., ex. (1909) 

 p. 627. || Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr., xix. (1909) pp. 193-286. 



