ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 499 



culture medium, aud by sowing conidia from the fructifications of 

 Xylaria " clubs " he obtained a white coating of mycelium which 

 spread in concentric zones, while underneath was formed a black 

 stroma. Later, numerous " clubs " of the Xylaria were formed, all of 

 them fertile. 



Torula in Beer-brewing.* — Schionning has isolated this fungus 

 from English lager-beer, where it occurs in great abundance. Torula 

 yeasts have the power to renew fermentation in beer that has been 

 already fermented with Saccharomyces, and, by the production of acids, 

 etc., give the particular taste and odour to English beer. The author 

 gives a series of comparisons between the different Torula yeasts. 



L. T. Thornef gave an abstract and criticism of Schionning's 

 paper before the Institute of Brewing. He agreed with the former 

 author as to the secondary fermentation taking place, which gives the 

 characteristic flavour to the beer. 



Yeast of Rum Fermentation.! — K. Saito describes the process 

 followed in making an alcoholic drink from cane-sugar molasses by the 

 inhabitants of Bonin Island (Japan). A watered solution of the 

 molasses is allowed to stand in a warm room for a few days, when 

 fermentation begins, and gradually it becomes covered over with a white 

 skin formed of yeast-cells. Saito gives an analysis of the fermented 

 liquor and an account of his culture of the yeast. He finds that it 

 belongs to the genus Pichia, and is most nearly allied to P. californica, 

 which was found in Californian red wine. 



Mycological Notes.§ — Fr. von Hohnel has been visiting Java, and 

 now publishes notes on various fungi he has observed there. He con- 

 firms many of Petch's observations on Ceylon fungi, and for the fungus 

 of ants' nests, gives a long series of synonyms. He describes as new 

 genera, JEruyinospora with blue-green spores (otherwise similar to 

 Clitocybe, Camarophyllus, or Cantharellus), and Eleutheromycella, which 

 grew on old pilei of Polystictus versicolor. 



Yon Hohnel || spent the months of August and September in the 

 Austrian Alps, and studied the larger Alpine fungi. A list of these is 

 published, with notes. Several rare and interesting forms were found. 



Biology of Polystictus versicolor.^ — J. S. Bayliss cultivated this 

 fungus from spores, and followed the developments throughout. The 

 first germination of the spores resulted in oidium formation ; after some 

 four months the fungal hyphaa appeared ; the pileus was only formed 

 when the cultures were taken to the open and placed on branches, etc. 

 They grew best in a warm damp atmosphere, and the changes in tem- 



* Woch. Brau, xxv. (1908) pp. 693-6, 710-11, 718-21, 753-4, 771-4. See also 

 Ann. Mycol., vii. (1908) pp. 87-S. 



t Journ. Inst. Brewing, xv. (1909) pp. 1-28. 



% Centralbl. Bakt., xxi. (1908) pp. 675-7 (2 figs.). 



§ SB. k. Akad. wiss. Wien Math.-Nat. KL, cxviii. (1908) pp. 985-1032 (4 pis.). 



I! Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr., lis., (1909) pp. 60-6, 108-12. See also Ann. Mvcol., 

 vii. (1909) p. 193. 



f Journ. Econ. Biol., iii. (1908) pp. 1-22 (2 pis.). See also Ann. Mvcol, vii. 

 (1909) pp. 204-5. 



2 L 2 



