ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICKOSCOPY, ETC. 139 



were placed on portions of the buccal mucosa of a horse and calf recently 

 killed. A larger number succeeded in penetrating the papillated portion 

 of the calf's tongue, as compared with the non-papillated. Of the three 

 species, G. intesUnalis causes the horses less apprehension than the 

 others. The provision of leather flaps on the lips of the horse, cut into 

 strips comb-wise, is advocated as likely to give good results in warding 

 off the attacks of G. hsemorrhoidalis. J. A. T. 



Effect of a Diet of Ductless Glands on Development of Flesh-flies. 

 — B. W. KuNKEL {Journ. Exper. Zool, 1919, 26, 255-64). Feeding 

 larvae of Lucilia and other flesh-flies upon mammalian thyroid and nothing- 

 Qlse tends to retard slightly the growth of the larvie, and consequently 

 to reduce the size of the resulting pupae. But a diet of thymus tends to 

 increase their size. Thyroid feeding tends to hasten the onset, and to 

 shorten the period of pupation, J. A. T. 



Development of Maggots in Sterilized Tissue. — E. Wollman 

 {G.R. Soc. Biol. Paris, 1919, 82, 59?.-4). It has been shown that the 

 larvae of blow-flies {Galliphoravomitoria) are able to develop satisfactorily 

 in flesh sterilized at a temperature of 115", but that the results are not so 

 good when the sterilization is effected at higher temperatures. This has 

 been attributed to the destruction of vitamines. To eliminate disadvan- 

 tages due to hardening of the tissue, Wollman took fragments of brain 

 and sterilized them in tubes at 130° for forty-five minutes. Eggs of the 

 blow-fly sterilized in sublimate were placed in the tubes, and it was 

 found that the larvse developed much better than they did in the flesh 

 sterilized at 115°. On the fifth day they were quite normal. It may be 

 that the vitamines are not destroyed, it may be that the larvte possess 

 " accessory factors of growth," it may be that the larvse produce vita- 

 mines in the substratum, but further experiments are needed. J.A.T. 



Note on Nutritive Value of Sterilized Food. — Chaeles Richet 

 {G. R. Soc. Biol. Paris, 1919, 82, 601-2). In reference to Wollraan's 

 experiment, Richet points out that no general statement can be made in 

 regard to the destruction of vitamines by heat. Dogs fed exclusively on 

 flesh cooked at 100° die in four to five weeks, but dogs fed on a mixture 

 of bread and flesh sterilized for three-quarters of an hour at 135° may 

 thrive. J. A. T. 



Light Reactions of May-fly Nymphs.— W, C. Allee and E. R. 

 Stein, jun. {Journ. Exper. Zool., 1918, 26, 423-58, 4 charts). The 

 light reactions of the positively phototactic May-fly nymph, Epeorus; 

 were reversed by treatmerit with alcohol, lowered temperature, calcium 

 chloride, and other influences. Nymphs so reversed had a lower rate of 

 metabolism, as measured by resistance to potassium cyanide, than have 

 normal nymphs. The negatively phototactic nymph, Leptophlebia, was 

 similarly reversed, with accompanying stimulation or depression of 

 metabolism, as measured by resistance to the cyanide. A negatively 

 phototactic nymph belonging to the Heptageninaj was reversed in its 

 light reactions, with accompanying increase or decrease in carbon dioxide 

 production as measured by Tashiro's biometer. The phototactic reaction 



