ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 147 



The limits may be due to the fact that drying of the skin is apt to destroy 

 the capillaries and cause effusion of blood, and to tlie presence of micro- 

 organisms in the gut and on the surface. The experiments bring out 

 an important fact, that a large percent; ige of water can be lost with- 

 out the complete loss of vitality. Earthworms can revive and' regain 

 the normal state of life after a loss of 61 "6 p.c. of the weight of 

 the body, or nearly 73 p.c. of the weight of the water contained in 

 the body. This makes it easier to understand, or, perhaps one should 

 say, jto believe, that small creatures like Tardigrades, Rotifers, and 

 Nematodes can revive after losing 80-85 p.c. of the water in their 

 bodies. J. A. T. 



Oligochsets of the High Alps. — Emile Piguet {Rev. Suisse. Zool., 

 1919, 27, 1-17). Collections from the mountains of Scandinavia and 

 Switzerland are compared, and the species common to both countries 

 are noted. The Naididse are represented by Paranais uncinata, Chseto- 

 gaster diaphaniis, and Stylaria lacustris ; the Tubificidte by two species 

 of Tuhifex ; the Enchytrseidae by a number of doubtful forms ; the 

 Lumbriculidje by Lumhriculus variegatus and StyUdrilus heringianus ; 

 and the Lumbricidas by Lumdriciis melibseus. J. A. T. 



Nematohelminthes. 



New Nematode in Calves. — A. L. Sheathee (BuU. Agric. Research, 

 Inst. Pusa, 1919, 86, 1-5, 5 pis.). A parasite is described which 

 causes parasitic gastritis in calves. The caudal bursa is trilobed, with 

 the posterior lobe symmetrically placed ; there are very long and slender 

 spicules ; the vulva is close to the posterior end of the body. These 

 features distinguish the worm from the genera Htemonchus, Nemato- 

 dirus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia and Cooperia known to occur in the 

 stomach proper and duodenum of calves. J. A. T. 



Platyh.elniinth.es. 



Remarkable Case of Echinococcus in Lemur. — H. Blanc {Bull. 

 Soc. Vaudoise Set. Nat., 1919, 52, 451-6, 1 pi., 3 figs.). A specimen of 

 Lemur catta showed an almost complete invasion of the thoracic and 

 abdominal cavities by an extraordinary number of hydatid vesicles of 

 Echinococcus polymorphus. There was no hint of scolices developing 

 into hydatid cysts, as might ensue if a hydatic vesicle was burst, liberat- 

 ing the heads. It seems more likely that the lemur, which lived in 

 a menagerie with a dog as companion, was the victim of multiple 

 infection from the eggs of the tapeworm stage living in the dog's 

 intestine. J. A. T. 



Methods of Reproduction in Cestodes. — T. Southwell and Baini 

 Prashad {Journ. Parasitology, 1918, 4, 122-9, 12 figs.). The authors 

 discuss the various methods of asexual and parthenogenetic reproduction 

 amongst the Cestodes — (1) internal proliferation from the wall of the 

 cysticercoid, as seen in Polycercus, Cocnurus, and others ; (2) endogenous 



