ZOOLOGY AN T D BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 225 



Mould Ferments from India.* — A. Nechitsch has studied the or- 

 ganisms used to produce fermented liquor in Sikkim and at Mount 

 Khasia. The principal ferment used in the former region was Mucor 

 Praini. The sporangiophores may grow to a height of 4 cm. ; they 

 divide into some six branches, terminating in sporangia with minute 

 spores. Occasionally chlamydospores and yeast are produced. In the 

 other case he found that fermentation was induced by a species of 

 Dematium, D. Ghodati, near to D. pallidum. The author also studied 

 the effect of different salts on alcoholic fermentation. 



Report on Fungicides. f — B. D. Halstead and J. A. Kelsey describe 

 a series of leaf-diseases of cultivated plants, and the best methods of 

 destroying the attacking fungi. Diseases of asparagus, potato, tomato, 

 and pear are dealt with ; a considerable portion of the report deals with a 

 description of Erysipltece. Twenty-nine species and six varieties, grow- 

 ing on 123 hosts, are recorded from the neighbourhood of New Jersey. 



Mycological Notes.:}: — • L. Lutz collected sclerotia of Claviceps 

 purpurea on Psamma arenaria. He placed them in suitable conditions 

 for germination in November 1902, and kept them under observation 

 until March 1904, when the Peziza form was produced. The author 

 also records an attack of Sclerotinia Fuckeliana on Quinquina cultivated 

 in Paris. The leaves were covered by the conidial form. Bordeaux 

 mixture was used to kill the fungus. 



Vegetable Pathology.§ — A. Maublanc gives an account of a disease 

 of olives due to Macrophoma dalmatica. The fruit is attacked while still 

 immature, and the fungus gives rise to brown spots. It may possibly 

 be a wound parasite, that gains entrance through the bite of an insect. 



The author has devoted considerable attention to Dasyscypha calyci- 

 formis, recorded as a disease of Pines. He finds no evidence that the 

 fungus is parasitic. The mycelium is never present except in wood or 

 bark already killed by Armittaria moUea. 



Inter-relation of Pests of Cereals. || — J. B. Jungner has watched 

 the action and development during a year of the various enemies of 

 cereal plants, including insects, fungi, and unfavourable climatic con- 

 ditions. He found that injury by frost was followed by attacks of 

 numerous fungi, such as Ascochyta, Sphcrelhi, Septoria, Cladosporium, 

 and Helminthosporium. He discusses the dispersion of conidia and 

 spores by wind and insects, and notes the case in which insects and fungi 

 grow together or are closely related, as, for instance, Capnodium, which 

 grows on the secretion of Aphides. Several cases of rust infection are 

 given, following on attacks by insects ; Leptosphotria herpotrichoides 

 grew on leaves that had been infested by various insects. 



* Inst. Bot. Univ. Geneve, ser. 6, fasc. . r > (Geneve, 1904) 38 pp. (1 pi. and 6 figs.). 

 See also Bot. Centralbl., xcviii. (1905) pp. 36-7. 



t Rep. Botanist, New Jersey Agrie. Stat., 1903 (1904) pp. 459-54 (15 plB.). See 

 also Bot. Centralbl., xcvi. (1904) p. G19. 



I Bull. Soc. Mycol. France, xx. (1904) pp. 211-13. 



§ Tom. eit.. pp. 227-235 (15 figs.). 



|| Zeitschr. Prlani-nkr., xiv. (1904) pp. 321-47. 



