ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 357 



by the fungus. He gives the general name of nekral layer to these dead 

 cells ; they are most numerous where the hypb.se are strongest. The empty 

 cells are deposited in the medulla and gradually absorbed by the hyphai. 

 Elenkin describes the methods he employed to stain and determine the 

 different layers of gonidia, and then he describes the examination of a 

 large number of species, all tending to strengthen his theory of endo- 

 saprophytism, and this theory he considers sufficient to explain the 

 relation between alga} and fungi in lichens. A descriptive list of papers 

 on this subject is added. 



New Lichen Type.* — G. Briosi and R. Farneti describe a plant that 

 grew on the stems of the vine, resembling Pionnotes Biasolettiana. A 

 thorough examination showed that the mycelial elements were mixed 

 with algal cells, thus placing the plant among the lichens. On the 

 surface of the lichen they found the Pionnotes conidia, fusiform septate 

 bodies. In addition there were imbedded in the thallus perithecia with 

 asci. The writers examine and meet the various objections that could 

 be offered to this solution of the problem ; they find that it is not formed 

 of the union of two fungi, and that the plant is not a fungus sapro- 

 phytic on a lichen or other fungus. The lichen is gelatinous in texture 

 and homoiomerous, and falls under the division Pyrenocarpi. The 

 authors place it in a new family Chrysoglutenacese, with the name 

 Chrysogluteii Biasohttianum. 



How to Collect and Study Lichens.t — Bruce Fink advises the 

 student as to the method of beginning the study of lichens. The outfit 

 necessary for collecting is described, and the places most likely to yield 

 good specimens. Further advice is given as to the microscopic study, 

 and the pressing and drying of the plants for the herbarium. The 

 writer recommends envelopes for holding the specimens and brown 

 paper mounts for the larger forms. 



Notes on Lichens.J — Max Britzelmayer gives a description of 

 Sagedia augustaaa, a lichen that grows on calcareous sandy soil ; he has 

 found it a second time. The same author publishes § the description 

 and figures of the plants of the " Lichenes exsiccati aus der Flora von 

 Augsburg," which was issued during 1!)02 and 1908. The lichens are 

 carefully described, and notes on the different species are given. The 

 figures represent the natural appearance of the plants, spores, etc., and 

 are magnified and their colour indicated. 



H e 6 s e, O. — TJeber einige Orseilleflechten und deren Chromogene. (On some Orchill- 

 Lichens and their Chromogene.) Ber. Chem. Ges. xxxvii. pp. 4693-6. 



Ledebeb, M. — Die Fleohtenflora der Umgebung von Amberg. (The Lichen Flora 

 of the neighbourhood of Amberg.) Amberg, 1904, 8vo. 48 pp. 



See also Ann. My col. iii. (1905) p. 121. 



* Atti 1st. Bot. Pavia, viii. (1904) pp. 103-19 (2 pis.). 



t Bryologist, viii. (1905) pp. 22-7. 



% 36 Ber. Naturwiss. Schwaben und Neuburg a Y., 1904, pp. 127-8. 



§ Tom. cit., pp. 23-89 (30 pis.) fc>ee also Hedwigia, xliv. (1905) pp. 64-5. 



