ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 653 



(5) Microscopical Optics and Manipulation. 



Czapski's Elements of the Theory of Optical Instruments.* — 

 This work, whose nature is well expressed by its full title, has now 

 reached its second edition, and contains 479 large octavo pages. It has 

 become nearly double the size of the first edition, and, like its predecessor, 

 forms a part of Winkelmann's " Handbook of Physics." The original 

 nine sections are now extended to sixteen, and are so enlarged and re- 

 vised that this second edition is practically a new work. 



Sections VIIb, XIII, XIV, are by Dr. Eppenstein ; YIIIa, IX, X, 

 by Dr. von Rohr ; and the others are by Dr. Czapski. The scope of 

 the work will be inferred from the following list of the section titles : — 

 I (pp. 1-26). Geometrical optics. 

 II (pp. 27-64). Geometrical theory of the optical image. 

 IIlA(pp. 64-86). Realisation of the optical image by small 

 pencils in the neighbourhood of the axis of centred spherical 

 surfaces. 

 IIlB(pp. 86-100). Realisation of the optical image by oblique 



elementary pencils (astigmatic refraction). 

 IIIc (pp. 101-2). The image by astigmatic refraction or reflection 



on doubled curved surfaces. 

 IIId (p. 103). General theorems on homocentric refraction. 

 IV (pp. 104-163). Artificial enlargement of the image-limits 



(theory of spherical aberration). 

 V (pp. 164-183). Chromatic aberrations of dioptric systems 



(theory of achromatism). 

 VI (pp. 184-210). Prisms and prism-systems. 

 VII (pp. 211, etc.). Limiting of the rays and the properties of 



optical instruments dependent thereon. 

 VIIa (pp. 212-247). Diaphragms as a means for the selection of 



the rays essential for an optical image. 

 VIIb (pp. 248-260). Diaphragms as a means for the plane repre- 

 sentation of a space. 

 VIIc (p. 260). Development of the theory of ray-limitation. 

 VIII (pp. 261-269). The eye. 

 VIIIa (pp. 270-295). Vision. 

 IX (pp. 295-320). The photographic objective. 

 X (pp. 320-328). Spectacles. 

 XI (pp. 328-335). The loup, or single Microscope. 

 XII (pp. 335-373). The compound Microscope. 



XIII (pp. 373-4). Enlarged projection-systems. 



XIV (pp. 375-385). Illumination-systems. 

 XV (pp. 386-432). The telescope. 



XVI (pp. 432-471). Methods for the empirical determination of 

 the constants of optical instruments. 



The numerous figures are very clearly drawn, and to most of the 

 sections bibliographies are appended. 



* Grundzuge der Theorie der Optisehen Instrumente nach Abbe, von Dr. 

 Siegfried Czapski; unter Mitwnrkung des Verfassers nnd rait Beitr'agen, von M. von 

 Robr ; herausiregeb^n von Dr. O. Eppenstein; mit 176 Abbildungen. Leipzig : 

 Johann A. Bartli, 1904. 



Oct. 18th, 1905 2 x 



