ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 293 



satisfactory results from the employment of autogenous Living vaccines 



in cases of enteric. The vaccines were prepared from broth cultures. 



Five c.cm. of blood were withdrawn from the arm of the patient and 

 immediately transferred to 1 p.c. sodium taurocholate solution-. From 

 this a broth culture was prepared, and the purity and identity of the 

 growth verified by agglutination and sugar fermentation tests. The 

 broth culture was reinoculated into fresh broth, and itself constituted 

 the vaccine. The average number of bacilli given as a dose ranged 

 from about 60,000,000 to 300,000,000. 



The local reaction from inoculation was verv slight, and was followed 

 by a rise of temperature, which was succeeded by a marked fall within 

 twenty-four hours. The authors have no doubt but that the treatment 

 had a beneficial effect, and tended to cut short the duration of the 

 disease. In one case, which promised to be a severe one, the patient 

 was convalescent on the thirteenth day after the first inoculation. 



Typhoid and Paratyphoid Infection in Relation to Antityphoid 

 Inoculation.* — G. Dreyer, E. W. Ainley Walker, and A. G. Gibson 

 point out that unless all cases of " enteric " are properly differentiated 

 into typhoid and paratyphoid fever infection, the statistics regarding 

 the value of antityphoid vaccination among our forces in the present 

 war will be most seriously vitiated. The agglutination test is by far 

 the quickest method of diagnosis, the serum of the patient being sub- 

 jected to routine-testing against the three micro-organisms, Bacillus 

 typhosus, B. paratyphosvs A., and B. paratyphosus B. Individuals 

 that have been inoculated with an antityphoid vaccine within a period 

 of some months, or even years, will give a high agglutination titre 

 against B. typhosus, but if the test be repeated at short intervals it will 

 be found that there is no appreciable alteration in the reaction. One 

 example will suffice. A patient exhibited a high agglutination titre 

 (1 in 1500) against B. typhosus, having been inoculaced in September, 

 1915, against the disease. There was no variation in the titre for six 

 successive days, but during the same period paratyphoid B. agglutina- 

 tion rose rapidly from 1 in 300 to 1 in 700. Agglutination with 

 par;, typhoid A. was nil. The case was clearly one of paratyphoid B. 

 infection at an early stage. 



Typhoid vaccination does not give the slightest protection against 

 paratyphoid infection, and it is of the utmost importance that our troops 

 should be protected against paratyphoid infection as well as against the 

 B. typhosus. The recent work of Kabeshima affords full evidence, both 

 from animal experiments and from extended observations carried out on 

 the personnel of the Imperial Japanese Navy, of the great protective 

 value as well as the innocuous character of the paratyphoid vaccination. 

 Kabeshima used a mixed vaccine containing equal numbers of typhoid, 

 paratyphoid A. and paratyphoid B. bacilli. About 12,000 men have 

 been inoculated with the mixed vaccine, the following table showing the 

 results recorded in five Naval hospitals in Japan during the period 



Lancet (1915) i. 32J-8. 



