ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 425 



remarkable tendency to form adventitious shoots. These appear in 

 Pinguicula caudata and P. alpina at the leaf-base, in Utricularia either 

 diffusely or in definite places. In the aquatic species of Utricularia 

 they arise at the forking of the leaf or on the stalk of the bladders, 

 according to the species. In U. exoleta, which normally develops 

 adventitious shoots on the stalk of the bladder, such shoots arise in 

 the leaf -fork of isolated portions of the leaf bearing no bladders ; the 

 winter leaves of U. minor behave in the same way, while in the summer 

 leaves the adventitious shoots appear only on the base of the bladder. 

 In the leaves on the young shoots of U. inflata the leaf -forks are also 

 the place of origin. In U. exoleta development on the leaves is induced 

 by removal of all the growing-points ; a fact which suggests an ex- 

 planation of the phenomenon of regeneration. The leaves restore 

 what has been removed, namely, growing-points of shoots. 



Physiology. 

 Nutrition and Growth. 



Respiration of Filamentous Fungi.* — S. Kcstytschew recalls the 

 theory that " intramolecular respiration of plants is identical with 

 alcoholic fermentation," and that the latter is a case of anaerobic 

 growth— fermentative life without oxygen. As the latter theory had 

 been disproved, he undertook a research to examine the former theory, 

 and for the purposes of the inquiry he used the Phycomycetous fungi 

 Mucor stolonifer and Aspergillus niger. He finds that the absorption 

 of oxygen and the giving off of carbonic acid are in part at least due 

 to a specific enzyme, which is not identical with Buchner's zymase. 



Influence of External Media on Mineral Constituents and Or- 

 ganic Composition of Plants. — A. Hebert and (I. Truffautf give 

 comparative tables of the mineral constituents of a number of different 

 plants grown with and without manures. The results show that the 

 application of manures does not induce any change in the character of 

 the mineral constituents of a plant, although it may affect the pro- 

 portion in which particular constituents occur. That is to say, merely 

 the rate of assimilation and not the nature of the substances assimilated, 

 is influenced by manures. 



A. Hebert and E. Charabotlj: determined the amounts of carbon, 

 hydrogen and nitrogen in the upper parts, and also in the roots of 

 plants of peppermint. They find that the percentage results were very 

 similar, notwithstanding the diversity of the salts applied as manure. 



Mycorhiza of Vanilla. § — H. J. de Cordemoy describes the existence 

 of a mycorhiza, which is both ectotropic and endotropic, between the 

 aerial roots of the cultivated Vanilla and the support to which the roots 

 adhere. The endophyte has a branched mycelium, which penetrates the 



» Ber. Deutsch. But. Gesell., xxii. (1904) pp. 207-15. 



t Bull. Soc. Chim.. iii. (1903) xxix. pp. 1235-39. See also Journ. Cheui. Soc, 

 lxxxvi.-ii. (1904) p. 140. 



X ComptesRendus,cxxxvii.(1903) pp.799-S01. See also Journ. Chem. Soc. loc. eit. 

 § Op. cit., cxxxviii. (1904) pp. 391-4. 



