The President's Address. By Dr. H. Woodward. 161 



earth in Northern Siberia, from which it is seen that the animal 

 had been thickly clothed with hair and wool. Its huge horns 

 have also been found in the same deposits. 



A remarkably specialised fossil form occurs in Southern Russia, 

 known as Elasmothcrium, in which the nasal bones are slender, 

 but the nasal septum is ossified ; and there is an enormous bony 

 prominence on the frontal region of the skull, which must have 

 borne a relatively large horn. 



Numerous species of Ehinoceros occur fossil in the Siwalik 

 Hills of India ; at Maragha, in Persia ; at Pikermi, in Greece ; 

 in Italy, France, and Britain. 



Artiodactyla (even-toed Ungulates). — The even-toed hoofed 

 animals are traceable from early Eocene times ; they have the third 

 and fourth digits almost equally developed in both fore, and hind 

 feet ; the hoof-bones are liattened on their inner or contiguous 

 surfaces. They are sub-divided into four groups : (1) pigs, 

 peccaries, and hippopotami (Suina); (2) camels and llamas 

 (Tylopoda) ; (3) chevrotains (Tragulina) ; (4) deer, sheep and 

 cattle (Pecora). 



Such divisions as Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, lose much of 

 their significance when we follow them down to their earliest 

 ancestral types. One of the most well-known families is that 

 of the Hippopotamidse. These large Amphibia, now only met 

 with in the rivers and lakes of the interior of tropical Africa, were 

 once equally abundant from the Cape to the Delta of the Nile ; 

 where they occupied the sea-shores and estuaries, as well as the 

 internal rivers and lakes. In late Tertiary times they were most 

 abundant in Britain, France and Italy, whilst pigmy species 

 occurred in the islands of Malta, Sicily and Cyprus. Numerous 

 species have also been found in the Siwalik Hills of India, and 

 the fossil remains of a small form occurs abundantly in the Island 

 of Madagascar. Large species of fossil pigs occur both in India 

 and in America ; at Pikermi, in Greece ; in Tuscany ; and at 

 Eppelsheim, Hesse-Darmstadt. Various ancestral forms of these 

 animals go back to Eocene times. 



The extinct genera, Elotherium and Cheiropotavius, each possess- 

 ing the typical number of forty-four teeth, occur in the lower 

 Miocene of France, and in the Hempstead beds of the Isle of 

 Wight. Another Eocene form, Anthracotherium, occurs in Pied- 

 mont, in France and in Hampshire. Hyopotamus, from the Isle 

 of Wight, and Merycopotamus are closely related; the latter is 

 from the Siwalik Hills, India. 



Anoplotherium represents another of the early Eocene Mammals, 

 once abundant in this country and in France, but it does not 

 appear to have left any descendants behind. 



Passing over a large number of small Eocene and Miocene 

 Mammals, as Ccenotherium, Xiphodon, Oreodon, and Agriochosrus^ 



