The President's Address. By Dr. H. Woodward. 163 



Ohio, New York, Mississippi, etc., several gigantic forms of Beaver 

 are known, e.g. Trogontherium Cuvicri, Castoroidcs Ohioensis, twice 

 as large as the existing Beaver. An extinct giant Dormouse, Myoxus 

 nulitensis, has been found in the newer Tertiary deposits of the 

 Island of Malta, associated with the remains of the Pigmy 

 Elephant. The Zagomys, or Tail-less Hare, occurs in Brixham 

 Cave and Kent's Cave, Torquay, and in the Miocene deposits of 

 Oeningen. 



Cakxivoea. — Before the appearance of warm-blooded mammals 

 the duties of the Carnivora, or flesh-eating animals, were per- 

 formed by the carnivorous Dinosaurs, and in earlier times by the 

 carnivorous Theriodonts. AVith the advent of the herbivorous 

 mammalia Lions, Tigers, Hyaenas, Bears, Wolves, and lesser 

 Carnivora made then appearance ; one of the most striking of 

 these early forms was the great Sabre-toothed Tiger, Macharodus, 

 whose remains have been discovered in North and South America, 

 in England, in France, in Italy, in India, and various localities, 

 associated with the early species of Elephants. There is little 

 doubt that this formidable extinct Tiger preyed upon these great 

 herbivores, and that the huge canine teeth protruding from the 

 upper mandible enabled it to fasten upon the flanks of the 

 Elephant, whose blood it doubtless sucked. Hyamas and Bears 

 were both abundant in this country in late Tertiary times, their 

 remains with those of the Machcerodus being found in the cave 

 deposits of Britain, France, Germany, etc. 



Pinnipedia {Fin-footed). — The Seals represent in the marine 

 deposits the Carnivora of the Land. Gigantic species of the clam- 

 eating Walrus have left then remains in the Suffolk Crag and the 

 Dogger Bank in the North Sea. Seals were once also abundant 

 in these later deposits and upon our coasts. 



Inscctivora. — The small mammals belonging to the Insectivora, 

 — the Moles, Shrews, and Hedgehogs — do not go back in time 

 beyond the Eocene and Miocene deposits. One form, Necrogym- 

 nurus, occurs in the Eocene of Hordwell, and a species of 

 Erinaceus in the Miocene of Oeningen ; others occur in the Brick- 

 earth of the Thames Valley and the Norfolk Forest Bed. 



Chiroptera. — The Chiroptera or Bats have the fingers of the 

 fore-limbs enormously elongated, and united by an expansile 

 membrane (patagium) which joins the fore and hind limbs and 

 the sides of the body together, enabling the creature to pursue an 

 aerial existence somewhat like a bird ; but the " flitter-mouse," 

 (the old English name for the Bat), is clothed in fur, not feathers. 

 Some of the large tropical Bats are fruit-eaters, while others are 

 insectivorous in their diet. Remains of a fossil bat have been 

 found in the Upper Eocene of the Gypsum Quarries of Mont- 

 martre, Paris. 



Primates {Man). — The remains of man and of the higher 



