170 ' SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 



— " nuclear turgor, anteropulsion, and centrifugal projection of granules 

 of chromatin ;" and of " active phenomena " — " variations of chroma- 

 ticity, emission of fuchsinophilous and cyanophilous granulations into 

 the perinuclear cytoplasm, dissolution of the chromatic substance and 

 its exosmosis, and phenomena of intra-nuclear pyrenolysis." 



The process of elaboration is two-fold, a nuclear phase giving rise to 

 " venogen " and " caryozymogen," and a cytoplasmic phase giving rise 

 to poison and prozymase. Cytologically, caryozymogen and venogen are 

 comparable, and so are prozymase and poison. 



In the poisons studied the toxic enzyme does not co-exist with any of 

 the enzymes, such as amylase or emulsin. In the poison of the cobra 

 there is a substance precipitating soluble ferments ; there is no catalysing 

 action, either positive or negative, on the soluble ferments, emulsin, 

 amylase, and pancreatin, but there is a slight inhibitory action on pepsin. 



Nuclear Changes during Secretion.* — L. Launoy has studied the 

 changes in the nuclei of actively-secreting cells. He distinguishes 

 passive phenomena, concerning the volume and position of the nucleus, 

 and active phenomena, which include profound modifications of struc- 

 ture in correlation with the direct participation of the nucleus in the 

 secretory process, and especially involving the chromatin and the nu- 

 cleolus. 



Brunner's Glands.f — R. R. Bensley has made a detailed study of 

 the cytological characters, staining reactions, and functions of the glands 

 of B runner in a number of representative mammals. He shows that 

 they are distinctively mucous glands, but does not exclude the possibility 

 that they also form minute quantities of digestive ferments, which 

 escaped detection by available means. It seems to the author probable 

 that the glands of Brunner are caenogenetic structures, developed in 

 mammals from the hypoblast of the midgut. The occurrence of serous 

 tubules in the glands of Brunner in the rabbit is evidence of a new 

 functional need in the intestine. Bensley is against Oppel's theory, that 

 Brunner's glands are developed as a further downward growth of the 

 pyloric glands into the intestine. 



Cardiac Glands of Mammals.^ — R. R. Bensley has studied these in 

 man, pig and various rodents. He finds that they are mucin-glands, 

 and interprets them as retrogressive derivatives of the fundus glands. 

 In support of this interpretation, he discusses the phylogeny of the cardiac 

 glands at some length. 



Buccal Gland of Lampreys.§ — "W. Haack describes the paired 

 multicellular gland which lies in the mouth of adult lampreys, imbedded 

 in the musculus basilaris. He shows that multicellular glands also occur 

 in Myxinoids, C'himcera, and Elasmobranchs, and as poisonous organs in 

 some Acanthopterygii. Although the skin of aquatic Vertebrates is in 

 general devoid of multicellular skin-glands, doubtless a secondary effect 

 of the medium, and although integumentary glands are rudimentary and 



* Comptes Rendus, cxxxvi. (1903) pp. 1479-81. 



t Decennial Publications Univ. Chicago, x. (1903) p. 50 (6 pis.). 



% Amer. Journ. Anat., ii. (1903) pp. 105-56. 



S Zeitschr. wiss. Zool , lxxv. (1903) pp. 112-46 (2 pis.). 



