ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 513 



chromosomes and pseudochromosornes, central capsules and idiozomes, 

 chrondromites and archoplasmic loops, and much more besides. One 

 thing we can attempt, namely to reproduce his schema of the " wabigen, 

 fadigen, membranosen" differentiations of the cell-body (p. 512). 



Minute Structure of the Gizzard in Birds.* — M. Bauer has studied 

 this (especially in the duck and the pigeon), and indicates that in the 

 formation of the horn-like or keratinoid lining from the secretory pro- 

 cesses of the glandular layer, there is an inseparable combination of 

 secretion and cuticularisation. 



Skin of Hippocampus.j — H. Hoyer finds that the epidermis of this 

 fish has a very remarkable structure. It contains numerous unicellular 

 glands, which pour out a probably protective secretion, and also certain 

 remarkable cells, called by F. E. Schulze the flame-cell?. These cells 

 are somewhat mushroom- shaped, have a striated border, and are furnished 

 with a large cuticular cap, protruding from the surface of the skin. The 

 other cells of the epidermis are covering-cells, each with a striated 

 border. 



Nerve-endings in the Pike4 — K. P. Jagodowski has studied the 

 olfactory pits of Esox lucius by means of Golgi's method. He has 

 obtained preparations showing the nerve-fibrils which pass from the 

 olfactory cells to the olfactory nerve, and also showing that certain 

 nerve-fibrils end freely at the outer margin of the olfactory epithelium,, 

 without coming into contact with the cells. Further, he finds that the 

 olfactory cells are furnished with long whip-like threads, which project 

 from their surface, and end freely in the slime of the nasal capsule. To 

 these threads, which have not hitherto been described, he gives the 

 name of olfactory flagella. 



c. General. 



Hair Slope in Man.§ — Dr. \V. Kidd notes that on all parts of the 

 body where it exists, the hair slopes at an acute angle with the plane of 

 the adjoining surface, and always in a definite direction which is con- 

 stant for each region, the only exception to this being the eyelashes. 

 Most, if not all, of the directions of slope in the foetus are also found 

 to continue throughout life, with very little modification here and 

 there from secondary causes. Voigt's theory that the arrangement of 

 the hair is conditioned by the structure and development of the related 

 parts would lead one to expect similarity of slope in man and apes, 

 but the difference in many respects is startling. 



The author describes the pecularities of hair slope in man, and 

 uses his results to substantiate the conclusion that the direction of hair 

 slope is, in many regions of the body, determined largely by external 

 forces and by habits peculiar to man, and that these, repeated through 

 numerous generations of ancestors in whom the growth of hair was 

 more abundant, have led to the arrangements found in man as he now 

 exists. Certain of these forces and habits can be observed in action at 



* Arch. Mikr. Anat., Ivii. (1901) pp. G53-76 (2 pis. and 2 figs.). 



t Bull. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, 1901, pp. 143-6 (I fig.). 



J Anat. Anzeig.. xix. (1901) pp. 257-67 (10 figs.). 



§ Journ. Anat. Physiol., xv. (1901) pp. 31)5-22 (6 figs.). 



