ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 567 



Fermentation Experiments with different Yeasts and Sugars. * — 

 It is not easy, says P. Liudner, to discriminate between species of yeast 

 by their morphological characters. The author sought for a criterion 

 in their action on different kinds of sugar. The experiments were made 

 in hollow-ground slides, the cavity being filled with some sugar dis- 

 solved in sterile water, and a yeast added. Air was excluded by means 

 of a covering-glass and a vaselin ring. In this way the appearance of 

 the gas-bubbles and the intensity of the fermentation could be measured. 

 Some 3000 observations were made. It was found that arabinose, 

 xylose, and rhamnose were not fermented. Inulin was attacked by 

 many yeasts, and glucose by almost every species. Hannose was 

 often fermented, but not by all the glucose fermenters. Fructose be- 

 haved like glucose. Cane-sugar was frequently fermented, but milk- 

 sugar only by a few species. Melibiose, a and fi methylglucosid, &c, 

 were attacked by only a few species. Conversely, certain groups of 

 yeasts were characterised by their behaviour to different kinds of sugar, 

 for example, Scliizosaccharomyces, milk-yeasts, and so on. 



Some yeasts, such as those of importance in distilling, brewing, and 

 baking, high and low ferments, received special attention. The practical 

 outcome of these researches is that it is really possible to recognise a 

 yeast merely by its fermentative power. 



Albumen in Yeast. | — Th. Bokorny has shown that yeast contains 

 both albumen aud albumose, and has also demonstrated the probability 

 of the presence of pepsin, at any rate, the presence of a ferment re- 

 sembling pepsin. 



Yeast Cultivated from Intestinal Contents.^ — Dr. Lommel describes 

 a yeast which was isolated from the intestinal contents of a child dead 

 of infectious jaundice. On agar most of the colonies showed asteriform 

 processes, but many were quite circular. The individual cells were 

 oval to round ; nearly all exhibited a more or less refractive area, and 

 many were found sprouting. In the radiating processes the cells were 

 often thinner and longer. The yeast was cultivated successfully on 

 various media. 



Parasitic Fungi. —Prof. J. C. Arthur and W. Stuart § give a de- 

 tailed account of the life-history, the injury inflicted on the crop, aud 

 the best means of combating, the "corn-smut," the correct name of 

 which they assert to be Ustilago Zeee (Beckw.) Ung., rather than 

 U. Maydis. 



Prof. J. C. Arthur || gives a full account of the " asparagus-rust," 

 Puccinia Asparagi. 



A number of fungus-diseases of the orange-tree are described by 

 F. Noack,^[ three of which are attributed to new species, — Myco- 

 sphserella Lcefgreni, Didymella Citri, and Septoria Lcefgreni. 



* Wochensehr. f. Brauerei, 1900, Nos. 49-51. See Bot. Centralbl., lxxxvi. (1901) 

 p. 250. 



t Zeitschr. f. Spiritus-Industrie, xv. i. (1900) and Feb. 1900. See Bot. Cen- 

 tralbl., lxxxvi. (1901) p. 3-16. 



X Centralbl. Bakt., 1" Abt., xxix. (1901) pp 972-5 (2 figs.). 



§ Twelfth Ann. Rep Indiana Agric. Exp. Stat., 1898-99, pp. 84-135 (4 pis. and 

 1 fig ). || Thirteen' h Ann. Rep. Indiana Agric. Exp. Stat., 18H9-1900, pp. 10-4. 



f Zeitschr. f. Rflanzenkrankheiteii, x. (Iy00) pp. 321-35. See Bot. CeDtralbl., 

 lxxxvi. (1901) p. 248. 



2 Q 2 



