48 



MULKI. 



The fishermen are Mogers and use the nets and boats similar 

 to those at Malpe. When the sea-fishing is slack they are 

 engaged in river fisheries which give them enough to maintain 

 themselves. Some of them own landed property and carry on 

 cultivation. Curers are well-to-do. They conduct operations with 

 their own funds ; one is a member of a Joint Stock Company by 

 which it is financed. Hired labour is employed by all curers on 

 daily wages of 4 annas for a male, 3 annas for a woman and 2 

 annas for a boy or girl. In heavy seasons coolies are paid by the 

 piece. A few Moger curers get their work done by their kins- 

 women. Average income of a ticket-holder isRs. 200 per annum. 



HOSABETTU. 



The majority of curers are well-to-do and in good circum- 

 stances. Some are capitalists who support the others. The 

 fishermen are Mogers and are poor. Hired labour is engaged, not 

 on monthly system but on job rates. 



BUKKAPATNAM. 



Most of the curers are poor except one Moger and three Map- 

 pillas who finance by advances on condition (in a registered 

 agreement) of the sale of all fish to them. Mappilla curers employ 

 hired labour on daily wages (3 to 4 annas for males and 2 to 

 2^ annas for females), but Mogers do the curing work with their 

 relatives. 



MANGALORE. 



Curers belong to various castes, i.e., Muhammadans, Billavas, 

 Christians, and Mogers. All fish curers except the poor Mogers 

 are v/ell-to-do merchants. Moger curers are petty local traders and 

 are financed by Mappila and Billava merchants on condition that 

 the cured fish is sold to them only. In such cases no interest is 

 claimed. Some Moger ticket-holders (no other ticket-holders) go for 

 fishing". There are some Moger women ticket-holders who deal in 

 fresh fish and bring the surplus of unsold fish to the yard to be 

 cured- All fish caught in Maribala, Pattibala or Thattu vala are 

 brought to the yard as well as those caught by the Bepu (long line), 

 of which a small portion only is sold fresh. Hired labour is 

 employed for curing but Mogers themselves cure. Male coolies get 

 Rs. 7 to 12 per mensem and females 2 to 4 annas a day. Special 

 Ullal Mappilas who are experts, come for gutting cat fish, kora, 

 etc. Coolies at times are paid by the job. Here also the curing 

 industry is mostly in the hands of non-fisher castes who have been 

 attracted by the large profits obtained. The fishermen are Mogers 

 who carry on fishing mostly with casting nets. They go out for 

 drift net fishing in the season. In recent years the Maribala 

 (Paithuvala) has been introduced from Malabar but, unlike in 

 Malabar, these men use it only for a couple of months immediately 

 following the monsoon when shoals of cat fish and kora approach 

 the coast. As these nets and boats are expensive, advances are 



